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动物园结束马戏表演为什么不能让动物取悦人类?

2017-09-04 07:55:54   央广网

原标题:动物园结束马戏表演为什么不能让动物取悦人类?

广州动物园动物行为展示馆9月1日正式闭馆,将规划建设成为非经营性的科普展馆,面向公众免费开放。这意味着,已有24年历史的广州动物园马戏表演就此谢幕。

这个消息让很多孩子不高兴。表演取消的理由是强迫动物表演取悦人类不符合现代文明,一些人对此观点难以接受。不过,能让人理解的一个最大的理由是,人与人的相互取悦是你情我愿,但人要求和训练动物表演,则是强迫动物,勉动物为难。在人的世界里大家都知道,强迫人做某事是违背人权的,现在这个原则要推论到动物,也就是要承认动物的权利和意愿,不能强迫动物做它们不愿意做的事。

在人与动物的关系上,有三个历程演绎了人对动物的尊重和对其权利的承认,即动物的解放,动物的权利和动物的福利。尽管这些理论并不能说服所有人,但还是可以尝试一下来理解这些人为何要为动物说话,以及动物园取消马戏表演的理论依据。

动物解放最早是由澳大利亚籍美国动物伦理学家彼得·辛格(Peter Singer)提出的,他在1975年出版的《动物解放》一书中提出,动物是有感知力的,如果以一种导致痛苦、难受和死亡的方式来对待人在道德上是错误的,那么,以同样的方式来对待动物也是错误的。因此,需要解放动物。直到今天,这一理论还有影响力,他的《动物解放》一书被认为是“动物解放运动的圣经”。不过,辛格的一些观点也并不为人们所接受,例如他提出的“动物在任何情况下都不应被杀死”就不被认同。

于是,美国北卡罗来纳州州立大学教授汤姆·雷根(Tom Regan)提出了动物的权利来补充辛格的动物解放的不足。雷根在其1983年出版的《为动物权利辩》一书中,第一次以哲理来辨证清楚地指出为什么根据一贯性的原则,某些非人类的动物也拥有一些基本的权利。

雷根认为,动物也有意识和情绪,与人一样,每个动物都带给世界一个完整的精神存在,称其为生命主体。只要是生命主体,就有其固有价值,并拥有道德权利。所以,动物作为生命主体,享有基本的道德权利,并且与人类平等地享有这种权利。雷根也认为,“生命主体”并不包括所有的动物,但起码包括所有“一岁以上的哺乳动物”,并且,所有饲养食用动物、动物试验以及商业捕猎行为都应被禁止。显然,雷根的主张也无法得到人们的完全认同。

于是,1976年美国人休斯(Hughes)出场了,他提出了动物福利的概念,其核心是人类可以利用动物,但是,要让动物,如农场饲养中的动物与其环境协调一致,使其具有精神和生理完全健康的状态。也就是说,要让动物享受生理福利和心理福利。

生理福利体现为,在食物上动物享有不受饥渴的自由、生活环境应该舒适的自由,同时动物应享有不受痛苦伤害和疾病威胁的自由。这三者都是动物生存的基本条件,三者的满足是保持动物生理健康的保障。

相较于生理福利,动物的心理福利难以用具体标准或仪器来测量,因为动物不会说话,不会表达它们是否高兴。但是,从动物的体态语言是可以感知动物是否高兴和平静的,最大的一点就是,它们的天性是否得到发挥而不受抑制。

从这些原则出发,就要求在饲养过程中,人应爱护动物,不得随意殴打、虐待动物,或者在工作活动中应尽量注意举止行动。各种动物都具有各自的天性,当然完全满足其天性是不可能的,但是要在尽可能的范围内改善它们生存的空间和环境以满足它们的天性。

因此,如果逼迫动物做违背它们天性的事,就不符合动物的伦理。动物学家珍妮·古道尔也称,与动物交朋友和保护动物的一个最基本的原则是,不要打扰动物,让动物按自己的生活方式和游戏规则去生存。这可能正是广州动物园取消动物马戏表演的理由和理论依据。张田勘

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