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龙山道教石窟:元代留给太原的背影

2017-09-04 05:40:50   中国青年网

即使一些太原本地人也会把龙山、天龙山混为一谈,因此说“龙山石窟”,很多人就会认为是“天龙山石窟”的缩称。其实,天龙山和龙山是两座山。天龙山原名“方山”,因北齐皇建元年(560年)山中筑天龙寺,以寺改名;而龙山夹悬瓮山天龙山之间,山名由来不知,北齐清河四年(565年),成武帝曾以山名改晋阳县为龙山县。天龙山石窟,是始凿于东魏、续凿于北齐及隋唐的著名佛教石窟;龙山石窟,则是初凿于唐、终成于元的我国规模最大的道教石窟。

宗教意义上的石窟起源古印度远僻的山林,但在古中国崇山峻岭间创造出辉煌,成为接受敬仰和膜拜的宗教文化盛景。谈论石窟,人们的话语会与敦煌莫高窟、龙门石窟、云冈石窟和麦积山石窟等佛教石窟形成习惯性链接,而承载中国本土文化、体现民间朴素信仰的道教石窟,则很难成为话题。造成这样的局面,根本原因还是在于佛道自身教义的不同。佛教为“像教”,僧尼需观像禅修,信众求面佛跪拜,故佛教雕塑石窟甚众;而道教秉持“道本无形”理念,以为信仰无须岸然道貌,但后来即领悟久无形象、不利传播,也开始了塑像凿窟。

元代在太原龙山开凿道教石窟的宋德芳,就是这样清醒有为的弘法者。

元人李道谦《终南山祖庭仙真内传》记述,宋德芳道号“披云”,曾先后拜丘处机等道教全真三大宗师,“修道早有所成”。尤其他在山西一域传教时不仅门徒广众,而且凿窟建宫修观,贡献巨大,另一位元人王利用在《道行碑》中赞其“三灯传一灯,一灯续三灯”,终成元代道教全真四大高道之一。

金兴定六年(1222年),宋德芳跟随丘处机赴西域大雪山(今阿富汗兴都库什山)见到“日事攻战”的成吉思汗,目睹丘处机以“欲一天下者,必在乎不嗜杀人”之论规劝成吉思汗“敬天爱民”,感受到道家济世匡时的努力。而对自己的传道修炼,又蒙丘处机指点“汝缘在西南”。西域归来,宋德芳就循着师傅指引的方向,最迟在元太宗窝阔台六年(1234年)之前来到太原弘道。

肩负使命的宋德芳踏过晋阳故城的残砖断瓦,迫不及待地攀入西山内腹考察。他首先见到了巍然耸峙的蒙山摩崖大佛,随后又见到了松柏掩映的天龙山佛教石窟,他应该驻足1500余尊佛家石像前捻髯叹息。当宋德芳搜遍群山的时候,终于在龙山之巅发现了塌圮的昊天古观,道观旁,竟有两龛刻画着宋人名字的道教石窟!那一刻,忧喜交织的披云子临风发誓,一定以“千峰独步”之志凿造石窟,“玄风一扇,比屋回心”,3年内重振太原道教辉煌。

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