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帮助在押人员虚假立功如何定性

2017-09-03 08:20:52   中国青年网

案情:王某在担任某看守所管教民警期间,利用其职务之便于2006 年10月至2011年1月间,多次帮助在押人员陈某、袁某、顾某等7人伪造检举揭发其他在押人员余罪的立功材料,使得陈某等7名在押人员最终受到法律的从轻或减轻处罚。

分歧意见:王某的行为构成何罪,存在有三种意见:

第一种意见认为,王某构成帮助伪造证据罪。理由是,王某作为看守所管教民警,仅负有监管职责,不具有查禁犯罪活动的职责,所以,不符合帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪和徇私枉法罪的主体要件。且王某帮助在押人员伪造立功证据,主观上只是为了使在押人员得到从轻或减轻处罚,不具有帮助在押人员逃避处罚的目的,故其行为构成帮助伪造证据罪。

第二种意见认为,王某构成徇私枉法罪。理由是,一是王某作为看守所管教民警,负有监管职责,符合徇私枉法罪的主体要件;二是王某因朋友和在押人员家属的请托,并接受在押人员家属的吃请,帮助在押人员虚构立功情节,伪造立功材料,符合徇私枉法罪的主观要件;三是王某的行为误导了审判人员的审查,侵犯了刑事诉讼的正常活动,符合徇私枉法罪的客体要件。四是王某帮助在押人员伪造检举立功材料实际上属于一种包庇行为,符合徇私枉法罪中“明知是有罪的人而故意包庇不使他受追诉”的行为特征。

第三种意见认为,王某构成帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪。理由是,王某具有帮助在押人员获得从轻或减轻处罚的主观目的,也实施了伪造立功材料的行为,符合帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪的构罪要件。

评析:笔者赞成第三种意见,具体理由如下:

王某主观上具有帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚的主观故意。王某因朋友和在押人员家属的请托,并接受在押人员家属的吃请,而帮助在押人员伪造立功材料,主观方面是直接故意。

王某身份符合帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪的主体要件。根据刑法第417条规定,帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪,是指负有查禁犯罪活动职责的国家机关工作人员向犯罪分子通风报信、提供便利,帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚的行为。可见,本罪的主体为特殊主体,即负有查禁犯罪活动职责的国家机关工作人员。显然,看守所民警是负有查禁犯罪活动职责的国家机关工作人员,其法律依据主要有:(1)人民警察法第2条和第6条第1款关于人民警察具有查禁违法犯罪活动法定职责的规定。(2)看守所条例第3条和第45条关于看守所民警负有保障起诉和审判工作顺利进行、发现错判应当及时依法处理的规定。(3)《看守所民警执勤行为规范》第17条关于看守所民警具有敦促在押人员认罪服法,服从监管,主动坦白、检举揭发违法犯罪活动职责的规定。就本案而言,王某作为负有查禁犯罪活动职责的看守所民警违反法律规定与职业良知,公然伪造检举立功材料,意图使在押人员得到从轻或减轻处罚,符合帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪的主体要件。

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