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古代开学那点事

2017-09-02 05:56:04   中国青年网

古代开学季,如同今天一样让人期待。

新生入学,第一件事是正衣冠。

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9月1日,开学了,很多家长和孩子忙得不亦乐乎,有人兴奋有人紧张。那么,古代的开学是什么情形呢?不妨随小编穿越回去看看。

古代开学三知:入学时间3个,学期有长有短,入学年龄8-15岁

古代,由于是农业社会,学生的入学时间与学期长短和现代的秋季入学有很大差别,因为多是围绕农事展开。比如汉代,入学时间是正月农事未起、八月暑退、十一月砚冰冻时。三个开学时间中,“八月暑退”与现代开学时间最为接近。如果春季开学,一般是正月十五之后。南北朝时,开学时间相对统一,主要是冬季入学。

开学日期的选择,与学期的长短相关。短的三个月,是冬制入学;长的一年。以明代为例,一般从每年的腊月到次年三月。

古代,学生入学年龄一般在8-15岁。比如东汉哲学家王充、宋代文学家苏东坡都是8岁入学。从先秦到明清,这种“大龄入学”传统没有实质性的改变。但也有例外,唐代孩子入学年龄与现代差不多,要比之前和之后的朝代提前1至2岁,即六七岁入学。唐代医学家、药王孙思邈便是“七岁就学”。具体几岁入学,古人也视孩子的心智发育情况而定。据《旧唐书·孙思邈传》上说,孙思邈虽是7岁入学,但当时已能“日诵千余言”,受到同龄人羡慕。

古代的教育属于奢侈品,很多孩子上不起学,还有20岁读小学的。所以在一个学堂里,看到年龄不等的学生也用不着大惊小怪。明代学者魏校在《庄渠遗书·渝民文》称,“凡为父兄者,如有子弟年六七岁至二十岁未冠者,俱要送入社学。”社学,即地方官府奉朝廷诏令所设的“乡村小学”。

古代开学攻略:学费、校服和装备特别奇葩

古时候,新生入学叫“开书”“破学”或“破蒙”,当然这是针对孩童说的。学费是一份“束脩(xiū)”;校服是一件“青衿”;上学装备是一套“笈(jí)囊”。

学费是“束脩”有肉送肉,没肉送菜,或者打零工

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