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秦始皇兵马俑首现古人合成“中国紫”

2017-09-01 14:41:01   央广网

原标题:专家在秦俑彩绘中首次发现中国蓝中国紫

据历史文献记载,我国古代工匠曾调出了两种特殊的色彩,“中国蓝”和“中国紫”,但随着岁月的流逝,“中国蓝”和“中国紫”究竟是个什么颜色,却一直无人知晓。8月30日,记者从秦始皇帝陵博物院等单位策划举办的“留住色彩——陶质彩绘文物保护成果展”上了解到,文保专家们首次在秦兵马俑的彩绘中发现“中国蓝”和“中国紫”。

为啥从前一直“灰头土脸”?

长期以来,秦兵马俑一直给人一种“灰头土脸”的印象,但参与过兵马俑发掘的考古学家们都说俑上有彩绘。据悉,在过去很长一段时间里,由于技术问题,这种彩绘很难被保存下来。近两年随着彩绘保护技术的不断攻坚和发展,让越来越多的色彩留在了秦兵马俑上。

据介绍,秦始皇帝陵博物院经过多年探索研究,在陶质彩绘文物保护工作领域取得了突出的成绩。2005年,“秦始皇帝陵博物院——陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地”正式成立,标志着对陶质彩绘文物的保护进入了新阶段。

秦始皇帝陵博物院院长侯宁彬说:“从2009年开始的兵马俑一号坑第三次发掘期间,400平方米的发掘面积中,已发现200余件陶俑,其中多件带有彩绘。”

为了保留住兵马俑和很多彩绘文物的色彩,文保工作者建立、完善了陶质彩绘文物保护的科学体系,经过多年的艰苦攻关,首次在秦兵马俑的彩绘中发现了古人合成的“中国蓝”和“中国紫”,在彩绘保护方面取得了突破性的进展,这两种出现在秦兵马俑身上的特殊蓝色和紫色,后来经过实验室检测分析,被确定为“中国蓝”和“中国紫”,这种以往只出现在史书中的名字,终于以实物的形态出现在了大家的面前。

彩绘保护的难点在哪里?

设立在秦始皇帝陵博物院的陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地,不仅承担着兵马俑的保护修复工作,还以秦始皇帝陵博物院为中心辐射全国,举办了陶质彩绘文物修复保护培训班、标准推广班,培训全国各地同行近200人。编制文物保护方案,完成保护修复项目,修复文物千余件。建立了“陶质彩绘文物保护青州工作站”等3个基层工作站,实地培训指导基层保护修复工作,带动了基层保护修复水平的提高,成为全国陶质彩绘文物保护的领军者。

此次展览选取了从先秦至元代的陶质彩绘文物121件(组),分为“我们的敌人”“化零为整”“我们的方法”“我们的工具”“我们的创新”等五个方面,以秦始皇帝陵博物院——陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地在陶质彩绘文物保护领域承担的项目为基础,全面展示了陶质彩绘文物保护修复的相关原则、程序,基本的技术知识、保护工作的难点以及所取得的成果。

侯宁彬介绍,彩绘文物因时间、空气、环境、温湿度等因素,出现生漆层老化、陶质的酥粉、彩绘的空鼓、起翘、剥落、表面可溶盐等现状,严重破坏了彩绘文物的色彩。经文保工作者研究发现,秦兵马俑的彩绘都是在陶俑表面刷一层大漆,然后在大漆上施以艳丽的色彩,其彩绘保护的难点就在于如何稳定和稳固大漆层,幸运的是经过多年的努力,这项技术已经被攻克。

这次展览也细致地将保护彩绘的工作步骤展示了出来,通过展示文物从“支离破碎”到“完好如初”、从“斑驳残迹”到“色彩斑斓”的变化,来普及、宣传文物保护的基础知识,提升观众文物保护意识。此展于2017年8月30日在秦始皇帝陵博物院文物陈列厅开展,展期3个月。

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