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成都信息工程大学资源环境学院教授邹长武:采用生物技术有效处理城市垃圾

2017-09-01 06:41:00   中国青年网

“城市垃圾处理是环境污染控制的重要课题之一。”成都信息工程大学资源环境学院教授邹长武介绍,城市垃圾也称城市固体废物,是指在城市居民日常生活中或为城市日常生活提供服务的活动中产生的固体废物。“各种动植物、微生物,对自然界存在的各种有机物都有降解作用,而相比动物和植物,微生物单个的力量其实很小,但由于微生物庞大的数量,使得它在降解生物体内有机成分的时候明显优于动物和植物。”邹长武表示,生物处理就是依靠自然界广泛分布的微生物,通过生物转化,将城市垃圾中易于生物降解的有机组分转化为腐殖质肥料、沼气或其他转化产品(如饲料蛋白、乙醇或糖类),从而达到城市垃圾无害化和资源化的一种处理方法。

邹长武介绍,对于可生物降解的城市垃圾的处理,世界各国目前主要采用堆肥、卫生填埋、厌氧发酵等方法。堆肥法是指在人工控制条件下,利用自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物,使来源于生物的有机废物分解,向比较稳定的腐殖质进行生化转化的微生物过程。垃圾堆肥是目前广泛应用且经济有效的处理和消纳城市垃圾的重要途径之一。通过生物处理技术将生活垃圾中的有机物质转变成优质的有机肥料,具有良好的环境效益和社会效率。

卫生填埋法是从传统的堆放和填地处理的基础上发展起来的,始于20世纪60年代,原理与厌氧堆肥相同,都是利用好氧微生物、兼性厌氧微生物和专性厌氧微生物对垃圾中的有机物进行分解转化,使之最终达到稳定化。厌氧发酵亦称沼气发酵,指有机物在厌氧微生物(或兼氧微生物)的作用下分解转化为沼气的过程。由于该技术工艺简单,成本低廉,严格密封的沼气池还能提高原料的肥效和杀灭寄生虫卵。目前,国内厌氧消化应用最广泛的是农村沼气发酵,城市垃圾处理方面的应用较少。

成都晚报见习记者 叶飞鸿

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