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共享单车,别当市场的“坏孩子”

2017-08-31 07:41:35   央广网

29日,广州市交委宣布,近期内严禁任何形式的互联网租赁自行车新车投放,直到企业加大力度做好现场管理和及时回收;同时要求企业派专人值班,在地铁站、商圈、写字楼等地点调度堆积车辆,在城中村等地点及时回收积压、丢弃车辆。

继杭州、福州、郑州、南京、上海、深圳之后,广州也按下了共享单车“暂停键”。共享单车有今天之尴尬,多少有“咎由自取”的味道。以广州为例,今年3月份,有媒体报道称,共享单车数量已达30万辆。仅仅4个月后,共享单车数量骤增50万辆,达到80多万辆。萝卜快了不洗泥,共享单车疯狂投入、极速扩张的后果,就是逐渐毁掉一个贴心“好孩子”形象,慢慢变成添堵的“坏孩子”。

扩张带来失序之前,共享单车确实是一个十足的“好孩子”,为城市解决“最后一公里”、缓解城市交通拥堵、助力绿色出行等作出新贡献,为社会打开新空间。可以说,没有哪一种新鲜事物能像共享单车一样,一出生就承载那么多期望、得到那么多赞美、引起管理层那么高关注。甚至于,它还出现在2017年的高考作文题中。

可惜,共享单车再次上演“过犹不及”的老戏码。共享单车出世之初,有人就对其用“共享”之名有异议,认为它不过是假“共享”之名行市场之实,是“伪共享”。共享单车运营是市场行为并没有问题,只要行为结果对公益有增进。问题恰恰出在这里,当不同共享单车企业为了不断扩大市场份额、实现企业利益最大化而出现恶性竞争时,市场失灵之弊也就逐渐浮出水面:局部过量投放导致车多为患、乱停乱放造成行路难、过度扩张损害服务质量、管理跟不上影响用户体验……利润是自己的,成本是城市的,企业成本外部化,“便民”变成“扰民”,引起外部反感是必然的事。

相对于数百万注册用户来说,广州有80万辆共享单车也不算太多,回想过去,家家都拥有不止一辆自行车。共享单车的“过量”,并非刚性过量,而是结构性失衡,投放不平衡所致——人多的地方车多,如各大地铁口,共享单车多到让人“头皮发麻”的地步,不但影响通行还导致资源浪费;而在远离中心城区的区域则稀稀落落,用户要找一部共享单车并非易事。唯市场马首是瞻,这种理念符合市场规律,但却偏离公共原则。共享单车使用城市公共资源,具有准公共品性质,不能唯利是图、漠视公共利益。

许多城市给共享单车“踩刹车”,对企业来说,是利大于弊还是弊大于利,视乎企业如何理解。正面理解的话,一个新业态、新行业,走过“跑马圈地”、以数量赢得市场的“丛林”之后,必然要转入以精细化管理制胜、以服务品质赢得用户的理性发展阶段,行稳方能致远。精细化管理路在何方?纵向,共享单车企业要与政府、公众形成良好的合作关系——需要投放多少、在哪些区域投放、投放什么车辆、如何运营管理、如何提升服务品质……要与管理部门合作,认真听取用户意见,各方取得共识,避免自以为是。横向,共享单车企业之间要在竞争中谋求合作,以用户体验和公共利益为向导,协调企业之间关系,避免各自为政。譬如APP、电子围栏,企业各自划定“楚河汉界”而不共享,对用户来说就十分不方便。

完成原始布局之后,共享单车发展进入第二轮竞争阶段,谁能在这一轮竞争中不断改进服务质量、提升用户体验,谁就能不断夯实自己的“江湖地位”。

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