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腰痛了怎么查

2017-08-31 07:26:43   中国青年网

余可谊

调查显示,80%的人一生中有过腰背痛。多数腰背痛属于自限性疾病,即无需特殊治疗就能缓解。但如果腰痛症状较重或者持续时间较长,超过两周,就应该及时上医院,以免耽误病情。

病人到医院后,很重要的一点是和医生讲清腰痛是怎么发生的,有无扭伤史,腰部有没有受凉、受潮等情况以及自己的腰痛感受,如腰痛的部位和性质,是单纯腰痛还是合并下肢的放射性疼痛(窜痛),有没有伴随下肢的麻木。还要注意腰痛与步行的关系,如行走一段后会出现下肢酸痛、乏力,无法继续行走,休息一会儿又可以继续行走(间歇性跛行);以前有无类似的发作史等。

医生会根据病人描述的病史进行一些必要的物理检查,以便查清腰痛的原因。若是怀疑腰椎有腰椎间盘突出、腰椎管狭窄、腰椎结核等问题,要进一步检查。

到底该做什么检查,医生会根据情况为患者选择,基本原则是:在最初的4-6周内进行影像学检查并无必要,除非合并有进行性的神经系统异常或者高度怀疑系统性疾病(如脊柱肿瘤、感染)。如果4-6周后症状无明显改善,一般做一个腰椎正侧位X线平片就足够了。

对于脊柱感染、肿瘤、椎间盘疾病和椎管狭窄患者,CT与核磁共振(MRI)相比,X线平片更加敏感,但是一半以上的椎间盘膨出可以没有任何临床症状。无症状的椎间盘突出也并不少见,相比而言,这些检查对椎间盘脱出的诊断价值更大。CT与核磁共振的指征包括进行性的神经功能障碍、高度怀疑脊柱肿瘤或者感染,12周后仍有持续性腰背痛。

需要注意的是,单纯在影像学上发现的腰椎间盘突出不代表已经得上这个疾病,不要随随便便给患者戴上“腰椎间盘突出症”的帽子,一定要结合症状、查体才能做出上述诊断。患者也不要有太大的心理压力。

对于慢性腰痛患者,平时生活中要注意以下几点:

1.注意良好的坐姿,尽量选择高矮合适的椅子,并保持良好的脊柱正常生理曲度,避免长时间坐沙发、小矮凳等;

2.不要久坐,一般30-40分钟左右要起来休息2-3分钟,放松一下紧张的肌肉,伸伸懒腰,做些屈伸侧弯腰部等动作;

3.睡觉选择硬床,上面铺上合适高度的软垫,这样睡眠时脊柱也可以保持一个良好的曲度,让肌肉、韧带等结构在睡眠时得到放松,太软的床会使腰部塌陷进去,睡觉时无法保持良好的腰前凸,就会使腰背部的肌肉处于拉长、紧张的状态,得不到休息,睡醒后反而觉得腰酸背痛;

4.避免腰背部受凉、受潮;

5.平时搬东西时注意做好准备,可以适当地热身,不要突然使劲搬重物,先适当下蹲后再搬东西可以减少腰部的负荷;

6.坚持腰背肌的专门锻炼;

7.加强锻炼,不要出门就坐车,回家就躺沙发,通过积极的锻炼,可以促进全身的血液循环,尤其利于腰背部肌肉代谢产物的排出,长时间不良姿势导致肌肉痉挛、血液循环不良,就容易导致代谢产物淤积引起无菌性炎症。

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