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同业存单规模过大隐患多

2017-08-30 06:22:00   中国青年网

同业存单丰富了金融投资品类,一定程度上优化了微观市场的投资结构,但也存在盲目扩张问题,而且同业存单绕道监管套利衍生出的风险也不容忽视

中国银监会公布的最新数据显示,截至二季度末,银行同业资产和同业负债余额比年初均减少1.8万亿元,增速分别下降5.6%和2.3%,为最近7年来的首次收缩。不过,Wind数据表明,今年上半年高达9.5万亿元的同存余额依然占到了整个债券市场存量规模之比的53%,并成为规模增长最快的债券品种。

虽然同业存单在我国落地时间不长,但发展速度十分迅猛。同业存单的发展与我国银行利率市场化改革密切相关。利率市场化驱动着商业银行的贷款利率渐成下降之势,通过存贷利息差而赢利的空间越来越狭窄;与此同时,受到民营银行竞争以及互联网金融的冲击,商业银行吸收存款的难度越来越大。一些城市商业银行与股份制商业银行,融资能力本来就较国有大型商业银行要弱得多,更希望通过同业存单这类创新业务来弥补自身短板,最终表现出对同业负债的依赖度就高得多。

作为一种新型货币市场工具,同业存单充实了金融机构市场化的负债产品,也丰富了金融投资品类,一定程度上优化了微观市场的投资结构,但也存在盲目扩张问题,而且同业存单绕道监管套利衍生出的风险也不容忽视。

目前,我国银行业同业存单发行品种基本上以短期为主。期限越短,利率就越低,但银行作为发行人,可利用这一低融资成本优势,在资产端选择与配置久期较长的理财产品或者委外债券,从而形成期限错配,并借此获取高额收益。然而,这种期限错配一旦在负债端出现流动性问题,就很可能通过赎回同业理财、赎回债基等方式将流动性风险传染至债券市场。不仅如此,作为投资人,银行往往会借用同业存单资金,在资产端加杠杆甚至多次加杠杆扩张投资,但一旦资产端价格出现急剧下跌,必然会传染到负债端并诱发金融机构违约风险。

需要注意的是,同业存单不仅在银行间存在大量自发自购、存单互换等互相抓痒行为,也存在银行购买非银金融机构基金与债券、非银金融购买银行理财产品等相互利益勾兑与输送现象,庞大的资金滞留于金融体内空转套利,脱实向虚的顽疾得不到切除。如此下去,“去杠杆”就难以深入推进,实体经济将更加如履薄冰。

今年以来,银监会先后发布多个文件规范银行同业业务。中国人民银行也在相关报告中明确,拟于2018年一季度评估时起,将资产规模5000亿元以上银行发行的一年以内同业存单纳入MPA(宏观审慎评估体系)同业负债占比指标考核。这意味着,今后商业银行发行同业存单的规模会影响MPA“资产负债情况”项下的同业负债占比,从而直接影响商业银行针对监管要求是否能够达标的结果。相应地,本着监管不留空白的基本原则,接下来同业存单将从“应付债券”的口径移出,并归入到“同业负债”口径之下。今后,无论是同业存单的单笔发行额度还是总量规模控制,管理层都会作瘦身性调整,无疑能降低相关风险。

(作者系中国市场学会理事、广东技术师范学院经济学教授)

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