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湿地为何被称为“地球之肾”?
2017-08-30 06:21:50 中国青年网
湿地与森林、海洋并称为地球三大生态系统,被誉为“地球之肾”。湿地为何有此美誉?又该如何保护?
省环科院有关专家表示,湿地是指不论其为天然或人工、长久或暂时之沼泽地、泥炭地或水域地带,包括低潮时水深不超过6米的水域。目前,全世界湿地约占陆地总面积的6%。中国湿地面积约占世界湿地总面积的11.9%。
湿地是陆地与水体的过渡地带,同时兼具丰富的陆生和水生动植物资源,形成了其他任何单一生态系统都无法比拟的天然基因库,其独特的水文、土壤和气候提供了复杂且完善的动植物群落,因此湿地生态系统具有多种功能,在抵御洪水、调节气候、涵养水源、降解污染物、维护全球碳循环和保护生物多样性等方面,发挥着不可替代的重要作用。
比如,湿地可以抵御洪水。一般情况下,湿地位于本地区的低凹处,含有大量持水性良好的泥炭土和植物及质地黏重的不透水层,使其具有巨大的蓄水能力,能在短时间内蓄积洪水,然后用较长的时间将水排出。湿地是良好的珍稀动物栖息地,湿地的生态环境复杂,适于各类生物,如甲壳类、鱼、两栖类、爬行类、兽类及植物都可在这里繁衍,当然也适于珍稀鸟类的生栖。
湿地还具备净化污水的功能,湿地生态系统处理污水是一个复杂的自然生态、生化过程,是湿地的理化、生物作用的综合效应。此外,湿地还可以调节大气成分,原因是湿地内丰富的植物群落,能够吸收大量的二氧化碳,并放出氧气,湿地中的部分植物还具有吸收大气中有害气体的功能,从而改善空气质量,让空气更清新。
不过,该专家表示,因为湿地集树木水草于一体,生态也相对脆弱,保证湿地生态的良性发展,后期的管理与保护尤为重要。为了提高人们保护湿地的意识,1996年3月湿地国际联盟组织决定,从1997年起,将每年的2月2日定为“世界湿地日”,每年开展纪念活动,每年都会有一个主题,希望以此唤起大家对湿地的关注,共同保护好“地球之肾”。
(本报记者 殷鹏 整理)
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