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堪称儿科抗病毒“神药” 利巴韦林正在被滥用

2017-08-30 05:56:40   中国青年网

华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院药学部 冉京燕 方建国

“孩子感冒了,开一点利巴韦林。”“孩子是手足口病,要用病毒唑。”这样的对话在儿科门诊会经常听到。但是有调查表明,我国儿科存在利巴韦林滥用现象,只要不是严重的下呼吸道染,建议家长拒绝接受利巴韦林处方。

利巴韦林成儿科抗病毒“神药”

利巴韦林(Ribavirin,RBV)俗名三氮唑核苷、病毒唑,是人工合成的核苷类广谱强效抗病毒药物,具有包括RNA 和DNA 病毒在内的广泛抗病毒作用。它的使用主要分布于学龄前儿童,尤其是以婴幼儿为主。

在我国,一般孩子感冒了,或是在手足口病及疱疹性咽峡炎的高发季节,医生都会给前来就诊的孩子开一点。在家长眼中,利巴韦林成了无所不能的抗病毒神药。调查显示,利巴韦林是国内儿科处方率最高的药品之一,在某大型儿科门诊中,超过10%的处方里含有利巴韦林,其中70%以上以静脉滴注的方式应用,且超过50%是用于小于3岁的儿童。

世界卫生组织和FDA有严格限制

根据世界卫生组织公布的《儿童基本药物清单》,利巴韦林应用于儿童时仅可治疗病毒性出血热;美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)收载的利巴韦林四种剂型中,粉剂专用于治疗婴幼儿严重下呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV) 感染,其他3种口服剂型则与干扰素联合治疗3岁及以上儿童的可代偿性慢性丙型肝炎(HCV),3岁以下儿童的安全性及有效性尚未建立。由此可见,世界卫生组织和美国药监局对利巴韦林在儿童患者身上的使用均有严格限制。

儿童长期使用危害身体多个系统

首先,国内利巴韦林剂型多样、适应症范围较宽,直接导致了它的滥用。大多数药品说明书中没有儿童用药信息的说明,随着应用的加大,其不良反应的发生率也明显升高。相较成人而言,儿童临床应用利巴韦林进行治疗时产生的不良反应复杂多样,累及神经系统、血液系统、呼吸系统、消化系统等多个系统。长期使用还可能导致生殖毒性和溶血性贫血,甚至是致畸和致癌。

仅对下呼吸道重症有明确疗效

利巴韦林目前唯一明确的治疗作用即是针对呼吸道合胞病毒,而对于其他成百上千种病毒导致的各种症状,疗效并不确切。

国内医生将利巴韦林广泛用于儿童感冒、手足口病、轮状病毒肠炎等疾病的治疗已属于超适应症用药。此类疾病目前暂无特异性抗病毒药物,并不推荐用毒副作用如此之大的利巴韦林。症状严重时可用药对症治疗,对相关症状进行缓解,同时加强护理,一般1~2 周即可自愈。

所以,当遇到医生给你家宝宝开利巴韦林,而宝宝并不是危及生命的下呼吸道重症,只是轻症手足口病、肠炎和普通病毒感冒的话,一定要果断拒绝。

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