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君特·格拉斯的铁皮之鼓

2017-08-30 05:16:27   中国青年网

“我在寻找波兰,它丢失了,它还没有丢失。另一些人说,它不久就要丢失,它已经丢失了,它又丢失了……当他们从这里用导弹寻找波兰的时候,我则在自己的鼓上寻找波兰,并敲出了这样的声音:丢失了,还没有丢失,已经又丢失了,丢失给了谁,很快就丢失了,已经丢失了,波兰丢失了,一切都丢失了,波兰还没有丢失。”

这段著名的叙述来自德国作家君特·格拉斯最负盛名的小说《铁皮鼓》,其中反复的呼告更是挪用了波兰国歌的副歌部分。

小说《铁皮鼓》里讲述了一个长不大的侏儒奥斯卡见证了但泽这一城市在第二次世界大战中作为缩影的历史。但泽市在一战之后成为由国际联盟代管的自由市,但是故事发生之际恰逢纳粹力量在但泽抬头,此后希特勒更以但泽走廊问题为借口,入侵但泽分属波兰的一个邮局,就此燃起了第二次世界大战的战火。小说相应地根据这一重大历史事件分为三个部分,第一篇主要描述战前的但泽市,从奥斯卡叙述他的祖父母的相遇开始,由一组时逢乱世的普通人群像作为结束;第二篇的情节始于那场留名历史的波兰邮局保卫战,以奥斯卡最终开始长个儿作为结束;第三篇着重描写战后的情况,地点不限于但泽市,而是不断随着主人公奥斯卡的迁移而变化,全书末尾以奥斯卡因为一桩并不负有责任的命案被捕,入住了故事一开头就呈现给读者的疗养院而结束。贯穿整个小说的是第二次世界大战这一背景,而在这一背景下,是无数个个体生命在这段历史中的沉浮跌宕。而作家本人君特·格拉斯作为诺贝尔文学奖史上最另类的成功者之一,他本人的经历无疑成了他创作《铁皮鼓》的重要来源。

格拉斯本人即出生在但泽市的一个小贩之家,他的父亲是德意志人,母亲是属于西斯拉夫的卡舒贝人,这和小说主人公奥斯卡的身份有重叠之处。格拉斯的童年和青少年时代正值纳粹统治时期。他参加过希特勒少年团和青年团,他在小说中选择了“铁皮鼓”这一意象,也许是在文学的隐喻意义上用于唤起历史,或缘于当时历历在目的一个场景,抑或再现了格拉斯的青少年时代,那个到处充满了鼓声、哨声的战争年代骚乱、动荡的历史时期。而称他为“诺贝尔文学史上最另类的成功者之一”,大概是因为他通过颠覆带有文化教育意义的成长小说的体裁,或者对于流浪汉小说进行戏仿,以及诸多对于神话、童话乃至宗教的挪用,这些手法的使用最终构成了《铁皮鼓》。诚然,格拉斯是用这样的方式来引导读者的:他使我们重新看到了战争中的众生百态,以及战后的反思实际上是多么的苍白。格拉斯在反思二战,甚至从一种过于严苛的角度反思着战争中的人性和一切让人性蒙羞的东西。而格拉斯更为“另类”之处在于,在晚年出版的自传性回忆录《剥洋葱》里,他第一次披露了自己青年时代曾为纳粹党卫队效力的这一事实。这之后,或许我们不难理解为何格拉斯对于战争中的人世百态的审视,以及他对于战争的反思方式是如此地不近人情并且异乎寻常地严苛:或许他在批评任何一件事情之前,他已经将自己如手中的洋葱一般层层剥开,声声叩问过了。

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