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“学历社会”大学生“回炉”技校现象会长期存在

2017-08-28 06:06:48   中国青年网

几乎每年的大学生就业季,媒体都会关注大学本科生“回炉”技校这一现象——一部分拿到本科文凭的大学毕业生,为了找工作,到技校学修车、学炒菜,等等。舆论对此评价不一,但普遍的看法是,大学的人才培养结构和质量与社会需求脱节。还有一些技校,以此作为招生宣传。

但这对初中毕业生中考选择普高,高中毕业生报考大学,似乎没有产生多大影响,学生和家长都希望能进本科院校,而不是职校、技校、高职。只有等到读完本科,难以找到适合的工作时,才去“回炉”,在舆论质疑大学本科教育没有教给学生“有用”的知识和技能时,大部分“回炉”的学生并不觉得后悔。这可以说是我国社会的一个特殊现象,是当前教育环境的产物。

从教育和职业角度看,本科毕业“回炉”技校,有正常的,也有不正常的。所谓正常的是,如果大学是实行通识教育的学校,学校重视学生基础知识和能力的教育,学生从大学毕业之后,再去学一门技术,这是没问题的。所谓不正常的是,如果大学本身是实行职业教育的学校,学校培养学生的职业技能,可学生毕业后却还要去“回炉”技校,那是有严重的问题了,一方面,大学开设的专业与社会需求脱节,另一方面,学生学到的专业技能难以“学以致用”。

目前发生的“回炉”现象,大多发生在本应进行职业教育的大学的毕业生身上,这就不是正常的现象。主要的问题是,从高等教育和社会的协调发展看,我国大部分本科院校都应该进行职业教育,培养职业技术人才,但不论是学校还是学生,都有不安于职业教育的定位。这就出现偏差:这些本科院校想努力培养学术人才,但并不具有培养高素质学术人才的能力,而且,社会也不需要那么多的学术人才,由此导致这些本科院校培养的人才“悬在空中”,在离开学校时,需要回到“地面”,于是去学技术。

改变这一现象,地方本科院校回归职业教育定位,结合社会需求,开设专业,培养职业技术人才,是根本之道。但从现实看,这存在十分严重的“观念障碍”。近年来,我国正在推进地方本科院校转型为职业教育,可是,社会舆论把地方本科院校转型,理解为“降格”,而这些地方本科院校,也不愿意放弃继续提升学校层次的努力。

我国当前社会还是“学历社会”,国民有强烈的“学历情结”,而学校办学也有十分明显的“学历导向”。在“学历情结”的驱使下,很多学生读本科、读硕士和博士,首先想到的是获得更高的学历,而不是学习自己感兴趣的专业,提高自己的能力。比如,在高考志愿填报时,分数高的学生是很难主动放弃本科去选择高职院校的,即便他本人愿意,其家长会反对,社会也很不理解;而万不得已选择高职院校的学生,有很多关心的是高职毕业之后,能不能方便地读本科。

这直接带来两方面问题。一方面,一些本科院校不断增设专业、扩大规模,满足学生上本科的需求,由于师资等办学条件有限,学校培养质量低,能回报给学生的就是一纸文凭,毕业找不到合适的工作,是在意料之中的;另一方面,有部分学生上大学,只是想获得一张文凭,因此,没有奋斗的目标,整天浑浑噩噩,几年大学毕业,除了文凭之外,没有任何一技之长。

如果“学历情结”存在,这些问题很难得到圆满解决。近年来,中职和高职在招生中,都有萎缩的趋势,地方政府部门也以提高普高率、本科率作为重要的发展教育的目标,以满足受教育者想读本科学校的需要,还有一些中职和高职学校也偏离职业教育导向,追求学历导向。在这种教育环境中,先读本科,再“回炉”技校,或就成为学业和职业发展规划的路径:读本科,解决的是学历需求,而“回炉”技校,解决的技能和求职的需求。只有破除学历社会,淡化学历情结,不正常的大学毕业“回炉”技校现象才会减少,教育回到正常,学生的学业和职业发展规划也回归正常。

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