新闻
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China

“将来制作尽善,当必传布中华”

2017-08-28 04:21:53   中国青年网

马勇

1861年,清政府设立专掌外交事务的总理各国事务衙门,中外之间的对话交往进入一个新的历史阶段。外国公使开始进驻北京,长袍马褂云集的清政府政治中心开始有了西装革履的洋人。基于对等原则,清政府也开始向外派驻使臣。于是陈兰彬有机会成为中国第一任驻美公使。

陈兰彬并不是职业外交官,只是他生长在素来比较开放的广东,具有内陆地区读书人所没有的世界意识和办理“夷务”的能力而已。

陈兰彬既因主管幼童出洋留学事来过美国,再为驻美公使,所以在近代早期中国人中,他对美国的认识应该说最深刻。总体上说,由于他具有国内生活的经验,而不似容闳少年时代即漂洋过海,留学美国,所以陈兰彬对美国的看法相对说来有一种“比较的观念”。美国人的生活方式,或许为中国人所不能理解,诸如美国人热衷的赛马、博物院、动物园、书信馆(邮政局)、收银所、发银所(银行)、电报馆等,或在中国人看来为玩物丧志,或被中国人视为雕虫小技,不足挂齿,不过从生活方式多样化角度进行理解,陈兰彬似乎认为这些活动至少反映了美国人的精神状态,通过这些活动使他真切感到美国的进步,以为美国人的创造性确实为“巧妙绝伦”,也是一种“不必绝对排斥”的生活形态,至少可以使人们开眼界。

对于美国教育、卫生等方面的进步,陈兰彬也有仔细观察和客观评价。比如,对于美国的医院,陈兰彬赞美其“洒扫虔洁,陈设鲜明”;对于商民捐资创办的精神病医院、聋哑人医院,陈兰彬也赞美有加,特别是美国聋哑人教育,使陈兰彬感触颇深,而这些则是在中国闻所未闻的事情。

不管怎么说,陈兰彬毕竟是近代最早走出国门的中国人,也是最早深入了解域外文明成就的中国人,所以他对西方人的科学创造有惊奇,有叹息。但总体上说,他非常期待西方人在科学上的创造能够尽早为我中国人所用,造福于中国。他早在第一次率幼童留美时,就格外重视美国人在科学技术上的发明与创造,探求美国人在炼钢、武器制造等方面的进展和最新技术。最重要的是,他清醒地意识到,“西国所谓富强,以煤铁为大宗”,所以中国要想强盛,就必须发展煤炭、钢铁工业。陈兰彬说这个话的时间是同治十二年即1873年,大约过了二十年,中国的钢铁工业才在张之洞等人推动下开始出现。由此可见,陈兰彬不愧是清代第一代“开眼看世界”的思想先驱者之一。

陈兰彬在1878年赴美就任驻美公使途经香港看到并试验西方人发明的电话及听到西方人还将制造录音设备时,感慨万千。他在当天日记中写道:“是日在辅政司署见传话筒,该署距燕尼士避暑处约三里,以手摇筒旁铜拐起号,即对话筒问话毕,旋闻筒旁钟响,以耳向筒,一一回答。询其何以能然,据言电线能传字,即能传声,厥理甚明,而内中制度未得窥悉也……将来制作尽善,当必传布中华。”有了这种认识,陈兰彬理所当然主张中国应当向西方学习。

到了美国之后,陈兰彬也格外注意观察美国人在科学上的发明与创造,当他在“农事赛会”看到美国凡牛羊菜果之属培畜得宜,硕大肥腯,器之新造而便于用者,也欣喜无限,将这些新式农具如收割机、打麦机等特征、制造工艺、使用方法一一详细记录,并与中国传统农业工具进行比较,赞美之语发自内心,以为“此数种俱巧便异常,真农家利器也”,显然期待这些利器能够为我所用。

对于美国人在工业尤其是当时最盛行的纺织业方面的技术创造,陈兰彬也非常关注,以为美国纺织业规模化经营值得夸耀,但其制造工艺或许正是因为规模化的缘故,可能较中国传统手工艺略显粗糙。这种问题直至今天依然如此,中国传统工艺的细腻显然是规模化生产无法比拟的。

(作者为中国社会科学院近代史所研究员)

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170828/31204249.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/11/27 23:31:11

Powered by China
China