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《金陵物语》:外国人笔下的南京旧忆

2017-08-25 08:31:15   中国青年网

为南京书写历史、吟诗作画的不只有中国的文人骚客,更有许多外国人。他们千里迢迢地来到南京这座古老的都城,在这里生活居住,用与中国人颜色不同的眼睛观察着这里的一切,用迥异于中国人的思维方式思考着他们的所见所闻,最后用不同的语言、极具个性的笔触记录下南京的历史。

由南京出版社出版的《金陵物语》收集了60篇自16世纪至1949年10月中华人民共和国成立之间,外国人所写的关于南京的文字,体裁有游记、散文、随笔、日记、书信报告和回忆录等。对中国的文人来说,南京总是摆脱不了伤感的历史,因而他们对南京的态度常常显得很主观。而《金陵物语》中有许多篇对南京的描写则十分客观、逼真,让人一读之下似乎真的回到了当年古老的南京,其中一些栩栩如生的细节描写,尤其让人印象深刻、回味无穷。比如,关于南京民情的描写,美国著名女记者史沫特莱这样写道,“假如你是个急性子的人,就不宜呆在这古老的南京。比如一个妇女坐在门口缝衣服,她的一双脚伸在大街上,你得绕着她走;如果有人在她商店门口晾着裤子,你就得拐弯绕过去,一个乞丐四脚朝天睡在马路正中间,你只好绕道走;如果有人牵着他的猴子到街中心去打滚,交通也会停下一阵子,这似乎都是天经地义的事。”这种描述性的文字仿佛对当时南京街景的工笔细描,恰恰是那个时代的中国文人无法做到的。因为对他们来说,这些可能都是他们习以为常、司空见惯的,故不值得花费笔墨描写。而对于那些刚到南京这座陌生城市的外国人来说,这些都是新鲜的,必须被记录下来的。更重要的是,对于一百年之后的今天的读者来说,这些也是新鲜的、需要了解的——所以这种对古老南京当年风情的有趣细腻的描摹,能给今天的读者带来更多新鲜的感受。

此外,本书所收入的文章还对一些已经逝去的中国瑰宝进行了详细描写,比如现在已经不复存在的大报恩寺琉璃塔。当年,美丽的琉璃塔是外国人也为之惊叹的中国瑰宝,每一位来南京的外国人都对其不吝溢美之词。柏纳德盛赞琉璃塔“它的完整和漂亮以及所用建筑材料的质地,使得它在中国所有其他同类建筑物之中鹤立鸡群”,奥特隆尼详细描述了琉璃塔的外观,并说在节庆场合,当主管宝塔的僧侣点亮那些由牡蛎壳般的薄片制成的木质灯笼时,那副景象是无比的金碧辉煌、美轮美奂。这些生动的记录弥补了今日的南京人没有见到南京当年如画盛景的遗憾,让其在感怀历史之余,更加了解、热爱自己生活着的这片热土。

本书还有一些鲜为人知的历史事件的记录。比如,太平天国占领下的南京与世隔绝,是一座兵城。而外国传教士可以进入天京(当时的南京),因此留下了一些关于当时在太平天国统治下南京情况较为全面的记述,从太平天国的官员作风、南京城市情况、战俘情况到太平天国内部的宗教信仰以及对一些著名将领的具体生动的描写,等等。无论个中观点立场如何,这些记述的珍贵性都是毋庸置疑的。

一本《金陵物语》其实就是一部南京的对外交往史,无数来自遥远他乡的过客,讲着陌生的语言,与南京人一道见证了南京的兴衰荣辱。就如法斯在目睹琉璃塔所遭破坏时的扼腕叹息,史沫特莱对南京街头说书艺人的赞赏,赛珍珠对南京这座古老城市的热爱以及拉贝和魏特琳在南京遭遇屠杀浩劫时所给予南京平民的倾力帮助……这就让《金陵物语》平添了一份温情,一份在历史中一直绵延的外国人对南京这座历经沧桑的城市的热爱之情。

谢 微

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