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红色星球上,人类能实现蓝色的梦吗

2017-08-25 08:17:10   中国青年网

随着人类深空探测技术的飞速发展,对火星的探测已成航天大国追逐的目标。

火星上是否存在生命?人类能在火星上建起“第二个家园”吗?中国火星探测计划进展如何?

2017上海书展期间,中国科学院院士、中国月球探测工程首任首席科学家欧阳自远接受了新华社记者独家专访。

人类已提出改造火星行动方案

太阳系中,金星和火星是离地球最近的两大行星。各国航天机构均将探测重点瞄准火星。

欧阳自远认为,火星最像地球:第一,人类已经找到火星有液态水的记录,最新研究显示,火星上的水可能隐藏在地下。第二,火星历史上可能存在生命。第三,火星有四季变化,火星上一天与地球上一天相近。

但是,火星与地球相比,自然环境十分恶劣:火星表面非常干燥、年平均温度零下六七十摄氏度、火星大气稀薄、气压只有地球上的百分之一。欧阳自远说,把火星改造得宜居可能还需要长时间努力。

据介绍,改造火星可能会实现,人类已提出一些改造火星的初步设想和行动方案。

首先,人为增加火星大气中二氧化碳等温室气体浓度,增强火星大气层温室效应,提高火星表面温度,使火星极区干冰升华和水冰融化,干冰升华增加大气层二氧化碳浓度,持续提高火星大气压;其次,极区水冰融化和地下水排出可在火星赤道区域保证水的自由流动,用于农业灌溉;再次,引种适宜在火星生存的植物,产生氧气,改变火星大气组分,建立火星表面生态环境,为在火星上自由行走提供条件;而后,建立“火星基地”,开展农牧业,实现粮副产品自给,建设能源和原材料工业设施,建设人类生活基础设施;最后,实施火星旅游或移民。

“通过改造火星,把这些地下水引出来,让火星变成像地球一样生机勃勃的蓝色星球。”欧阳自远说。

强人工智能机器人将显神威

在欧阳自远看来,为人类移民火星发挥实质性作用的,可能是一批基于强人工智能的机器人。

人工智能已广泛应用于探月工程。欧阳自远认为,深空探测中人工智能的应用目前仍处在基于计算机视觉、语音识别、自然语言处理、机器学习等弱人工智能的阶段。而在改造火星、建造火星基地的过程中,强人工智能机器人将是一股非常强大的力量。

在改造火星初期,人类将在火星上建起密闭式“火星基地”。“火星表面气压低、寒冷,人要穿很重的航天服工作,呼吸、行动、体能都是问题,必须依靠强人工智能机器人,完成原料制造、设备搬运、基地建设、基地密闭舱环境调控等复杂任务。”欧阳自远说。

中国计划“天地协作”探测火星

据欧阳自远介绍,中国开展火星探测的可行性论证与探月工程几乎同步。中国首次火星探测任务于2016年4月正式立项,计划在2020年实现火星轨道器环绕探测和火星车软着陆巡视探测。美国火星探测计划借助“好奇号”火星车将配有高精度仪器的实验室搬到火星。中国火星探测计划则是火星轨道器+火星车的“天地组合”协同工作。

完成第一次火星探测任务后,中国还将发射火星探测器,在火星表面着陆后钻孔取样,取得火星岩心样品,再把样品装入返回舱,从火星表面起飞,将样品带回地球,进行系统分析,深化人类对火星成因和演化历史的认识。 据新华社电

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