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无边的边城——读龚静染《昨日的边城》札记

2017-08-25 07:27:03   中国青年网

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□向以鲜

近年来,蜀地出现了一批饱含深沉之思,浸透着学养与汗水的非虚构作品。仅就个人有限的阅读而言,其中的佼佼者当数阿来的《瞻对》、蒋蓝的《一个晚清提督的踪迹史》和龚静染新近推出的《昨日的边城》。上述三书各领风骚各擅所长,为中国的非虚构写作贡献了难得的范本。蒋蓝浓墨重彩为一个“二流历史人物”晚清四川提督唐友耕立传,从蛛丝马迹中寻觅历史的血腥烟云;阿来的《瞻对》,则是史笔诗心,为一个处于汉藏交汇之地的铁疙瘩康巴部落写下波澜壮阔的传奇;而龚静染《昨日的边城》,试图打通一座汉彝杂居的小凉山边城的历史脉络。

龚静染是一个清醒的写作者,对于非虚构写作,他在本书中也表达了自己的看法:“非虚构写作逐渐被重视,实际上这不仅仅是时代语境的变化,也是对虚假表述的遗弃,当然它对写作者的要求更高,最少需要完成两个最基本的工作——对历史事实的追寻和客观真实的叙述。”作者认为《昨日的边城》不是一本掌故式、民间传说式或者文学创作式的书,也非学术专著。那么,这是一部什么样的书呢?龚静染甚为谦逊地说,本书呈现出“一种非虚构的特征”。

当下谈论非虚构写作者甚多,言人人殊。我个人认为,非虚构写作并无一定范式,但是有两条线索或路径,却是非虚构写作者所绕不过去的。也可以说,它们是非虚构写作者手中的两大利器:一是田野考察,二是文献整理和征引。离开了这两者,非虚构写作很难成立。这让我想起王国维早在二十年代撰写《流沙坠简》时就曾提出的二重证据法:“吾辈生于今日,幸于纸上之材料外,更得地下之新材料。由此种材料,我辈固得据以补正纸上之材料,亦得证明古书之某部分全为实录,即百家不雅训之言亦不无表示一面之事实。此二重证据法惟在今日始得为之。”陈寅恪进一步发挥了二重证据法:一曰取地下之实物与纸上之遗文互相释证,二曰取异族之故书与吾国之旧籍互相补正;三曰取外来之观念,以固有之材料互相参证。后来,中国的人类学者黄现璠还在王国维的二重证据基础之上,提出了三重证据法,即地下文物、地上文献与口述史的有机结合。就当下的非虚构写作所采用的方法来看,更多的是以田野考察中所获得的大量耳闻目睹的“口述”资料,辅之以文献的印证来达成非虚构写作目的。对于地下文物及考古成果的运用与追溯,相对来说较为专业,因此涉猎较少。

《昨日的边城》是一部典型的非虚构作品,它不仅有着丰富的田野考察经验(现场踏勘与走访),而且对史料的遴选和采用也用尽了心思,下了一番苦功夫。这是个苦力活儿,也是非虚构写作的基石。作者曾将嘉庆版的《马边厅志略》、光绪版的《雷波厅志》和乾隆版的《屏山县志》进行细致的对比,从而发现这三个互为邻县之地,在彝族家支关系上千丝万缕,在历史上共同经历过的大事件,因撰史者的角度不同,记录也有不少差异。作者发现了隐藏其间的微妙差异,并从这些差异呈现中,展现更大的认知空间。

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