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25个省份财政负债?中国财政“真相”的真与假

2017-08-24 12:46:15   国际在线

近日,一篇名为《神奇的财政平衡术——31省财政转移支付全景图》流传于朋友圈,并被更名为《中国财政真相:25省负债,只有6省有盈余》被一些公众号转载,主要内容是通过比对31省(自治区、直辖市)的国地税收入与一般公共预算支出之差,算出各地财政收支刚性缺口(或盈余),25个省份财政收支存在缺口,只有广东、江苏、浙江、福建、北京、上海和深圳(计划单列市)有财政盈余。

发达地区财政实力强,欠发达地区财政实力弱,中央财政通过转移支付制度,将更多地财政资金补贴欠发达地区,从而平衡地区间均衡发展,是世界各国普遍做法,也是中央财政主要职责之一。

然而上述文章被一些公众号“添油加醋”,通过财力缺口来数落欠发达省份,夸大地方经济发展困难和贬低经济发展成果,实为赚眼球效应而部分歪曲事实。

其实,各地财政缺口数并不准确。

文章计算地方财力缺口,采取国地税收入与一般公共预算支出之差,而计算地方财力缺口显然采用同口径的一般公共预算收入和一般公共预算支出之差更科学全面。国地税收入并不等同于一般公共预算收入,前者金额明显低于后者。

比如,根据财政部和税务总局数据,2016年全年一般公共预算收入15.96万亿元,全国税务部门组织税收收入约为11.59万亿元,一般公共预算收入高出国地税收入4万多亿元,因为国地税收入并不包括关税和非税收入。

由于采取的统计口径不科学,收入被低估,因此所谓的财政缺口被夸大。

事实上,中央财政近两年开始公布对31省财政补贴具体金额,这一概念被称为财政转移支付,财政部数据显示2016年中央对地方转移支付总金额决算数约为5.3万亿元。

这是否意味着地方财力缺口高达5.3万亿元?其实并非如此,中央对地方转移支付分为一般性转移支付和专项转移支付,前者是指对财力缺口地方的补助,后者是指为了实现中央政府特定经济和社会目标,中央给地方的补助。

因此,地方真正的财力缺口是一般性转移支付金额,2016年中央对地方一般性转移支付金额约为3.2万亿元,这可以理解为地方财力缺口。

而为了支持中西部地区发展,增强了中西部经济欠发达地区基层财政保障能力,促进了地区间基本公共服务均等化,有效推动了中央相关政策措施的贯彻落实,中央财政对地方转移支付也一直倾向于中西部地区。

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