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把行政复议建成解决行政争议的主渠道

2017-08-24 06:31:26   中国青年网

【光明说法】

现代社会是多元的社会,普通公民、组织之间会产生纠纷和争议,即民事纠纷;政府或者行政机关与公民、组织之间也会发生纠纷和争议,即行政争议。纠纷和争议是不可避免的,重要的是要有公正而有效的解决争议的渠道和方式,使社会和谐稳定。对于民事纠纷,已存在多元的解决渠道;对于行政争议,由于争议者一方是掌握行政权力的行政机关,就多了作为行政争议一方的行政机关依法设置解决争议的组织和途径,直接解决行政争议。这是世界各国都有的制度,在我国称为行政复议。

行政诉讼与行政复议是我国两种正式解决行政争议的途径。行政诉讼由法院解决,适用司法程序;行政复议通常由上一级行政机关解决,适用相对简单程序。两种途径各有自己的优势,两种途径并存,既在于更快更好地解决现代社会中日益增多的行政争议,并为争议的当事人,特别是普通公民、组织提供可资选择的渠道,也在于通过双管齐下发挥各自解决纠纷的优势。

行政诉讼由行政机关之外的第三方解决,较为中立客观,司法程序以公正为导向,较为严格。同时,司法被公认为公正的代表,因而各国都赋予司法以最终裁决行政争议的功能。这样,行政复议与行政诉讼就成为解决行政争议的两个阶段。

但行政复议具有自身的优势:一是专业性。行政复议机关仍是行政机关,本身拥有各行各业的专家,具有解决相关行政争议的专业性和技术性的经验和条件;二是便捷性。程序相对简便快速;三是低廉性。行政复议不收费;四是范围较宽。行政诉讼的司法审查以合法性审查为限。行政复议的审查既可以审查合法性,也可以审查合理性,对当事人保护的范围更宽。

因此,把行政复议放在行政争议解决的大语境,特别是与行政诉讼相比较中进行分析,行政复议应当成为普通公民、组织遇有对行政机关的决定不满产生争议时的优先选择的解决渠道。大量的行政争议可以通过行政复议加以解决,为行政诉讼起到过滤器、替代者的作用,让司法能专注于复杂、疑难、争议大等重大行政争议案件,实现行政复议与行政诉讼功能的合理配置。

正是基于上述考虑,改革开放后行政诉讼与行政复议在我国几乎同步发展,在行政诉讼法于1990年实施后不久即颁布行政复议条例,1999年上升为现行的行政复议法。此后,国务院又制定了行政复议法实施条例。在20多年的改革发展过程中,行政复议范围有所扩大,行政复议组织和行政复议程序有所变化,具体制度有所创新,经过调整、完善的行政复议制度解决了大量行政争议,在监督政府行政、保障公民权益和解决行政纠纷方面发挥了重要作用。

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