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租房的美好时代要靠改革护航(评论员观察)

2017-08-24 05:16:46   中国青年网

无论是推出共有产权住房还是推行租购同权,保障权利的同时更要进一步做大房屋以外的公共产品

一个全新的租房时代,或许正在加速到来。住建部等九部门印发《关于在人口净流入的大中城市加快发展住房租赁市场的通知》已经满月,广州、成都等9城市先后公布方案。一时间,租购同权成为无数怀揣住有所居梦想的中国人谈论的焦点。

长期以来,国内住宅市场一直行进在“重售轻租”的轨道上。租房市场不规范、房源远低于需求、租屋质量整体不高,承租人选择本就有限,同时,黑中介频频现身,房主和租户都处于信息和交易不对称的弱势。“出租屋内安放不下青春”的故事,每每成为奋斗者前进的羁绊,而房子上附加的各种发展权利,更令很多本意坚持租房者被迫买房。

房子是用来住的,不是用来炒的。从2015年中央经济工作会议提出“建立购租并举的住房制度”,到去年6月国务院办公厅印发《关于加快培育和发展住房租赁市场的若干意见》,发展住房租赁市场,已经成为深化住房制度改革的各方共识。从理论上说,买房不是刚需,居住才是刚需。但为何“宁买房不租房”会成为很多人的逻辑?这说到底还是权利的逻辑:人们不仅在买“产”,也在买“权”。对物权之上的受教育权、养老保障、医疗等权利的需求,有时比居住本身还强烈。越是人口流动大、业态更新快的城市,这个问题越紧迫。以租购同权为特色的房屋租赁市场改革,正是抓住了这一深层次的需求,尝试实现租屋供给不足和租屋赋权不足的双重解铃。

很多国家都经过类似的发展阶段。不断走高的房价和不断升高的空置率,本质上是市场快速发展的产物。但作为最大的民生关切,尽管经适房、公租房、廉租房政策在各地稳步推行,公众对于“更好发挥政府作用”的期待并没有减弱。缓解租房之痛,不仅可以有效降低购房需求,更可给人民发展带去更多可能性。目前各地的方案大多还在调整,这个期间,倾听民意、直面问题最为关键。从期待国企成为掌握房源的“大房东”,做大总量、优化供给的建议,再到让税收、金融和土地等一揽子扶持政策措施向租房市场倾斜,政府切实担责、做好服务的方向越来越清晰。

对于改革者来说,提升民众获得感,是最大的目的。广州租购同权政策发布没多久,学位房成交就降了三成,政策影响预期的效果已经显现。但公众的担忧也随之而起,租购同权会不会引发房租暴涨?政府有无控制超出市场预期价格的手段?毕竟,赋权意味着价值提升,竞价者就会纷至沓来,有人甚至已经想到:如果出现一房二租,一方只租房屋居住权,一方只要租屋上的“学位”,问题该如何防范?小区适龄入学儿童如果因为新政短时间快速增加,学校又该如何应对?民众发展阶段不同,获得感也是复杂的,要想取得最大公约数,还需要把政策细节放置在具体的执行情境中仔细审视,不能少了事前的细致模拟和计量,也考验着事后的精准执行。

租购同权其实是一次分蛋糕的改革,如果优质资源的蛋糕尺寸不做大,权利就会被稀释,涨价的浪潮就在所难免。这反过来可能影响到租房市场的发展和壮大。正是在这个意义上,无论是推出共有产权住房还是推行租购同权,保障权利的同时更要进一步做大房屋以外的公共产品。

对于一个对自有住房有着长期偏好的国家而言,购租并举、租购同权正在调整的,不仅仅是住房制度、居住权利,更有全社会的理念。在全面深化改革的语境下,如何把可能出现的“权利冲突”变为“利益共享”,如何因地制宜做大居民公共服务的总蛋糕,都是护航租房美好时代必须付出的努力。开弓没有回头箭,一种更加可持续的住房制度、一种人民共享的居住观念,应该成为社会的共识,成为改革的方向。

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