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湘江百吨木帆船,去向何方?

2017-08-24 04:51:37   中国青年网

暑假期间,长沙的小朋友在“简博”内,倾听简牍背后的故事,流连忘返。长沙简牍博物馆供图。

长沙晚报记者 任波 通讯员 管震

日前,长沙简牍博物馆研究人员向记者出示了一枚标号为1384的走马楼“舟船属具简”,长沙简牍博物馆馆长李鄂权介绍,北京师范大学历史学系教授王子今曾对这枚简牍进行过详细的研究和考证,王教授认为,在三国吴嘉禾二年(公元233年),湘江流域的长沙段,已能航行甚至制造出排水量70吨至100吨的船舶。至于这艘在吴简中出现的大帆船,其最高排水量可达103吨。

走马楼吴简增添了中国水运的新资料

这枚标号为1384的走马楼吴简显示,该艘帆船的“大樯”(主桅杆)“长七丈”,樯桅上有加固布质或席质风帆的上下横杠(即上刚、下刚)“长六丈”。有早期的船舵(即大杝)、石锚(矴石)及粗大的竹缆绳(大绁)。

王子今根据三国吴尺与今天尺寸的换算以及中国古代帆船主桅长度约等于或小于船长、主帆宽度超过船宽2倍等原则,推算出这枚1384吴简提到的这艘木帆船,其船长应超过16.75米,宽度约为7.2米。又根据三国时的船帆为四角形方帆,且与船的满载排水量有一定比例关系等原则,进而推算出,这枚从三国吴简中“浮出”的大帆船船帆总面积约为206.21平方米,其排水量应已达到70吨至100吨,满载排水量,甚至可能达到103吨。这艘帆船很明显是一艘在当年运载量极其可观的大型运输船。这枚简牍刷新了人们对中国帆船史三国时期船运量的新认识,也增添了三国时期中国水运的新资料。

走马楼简1384的内容,提供了包括悬挂和加固船帆的樯和刚的规格等重要信息,可以看作具体反映中国早期帆船实际形式的最早考古材料,特别值得考古学者和造船史学家重视。

大运船航向“指向大海”,还是“征五溪蛮”?

“简博”研究者进一步推测这艘运载量极大的大帆船最终会航向何处。

目前,有两派观点,一派认为,这艘大运船极有可能是一艘运粮船,它通过湘江等内河航运,将粮食运往了武陵,用来平定吴国境内不肯顺服的“武陵蛮”。史载,三国吴国孙权统治湖南初期,武陵“蛮夷”,“久不顺服”,尤其在吴蜀夷陵之战中,即刘备为报复关羽被杀率大军攻打吴国之战中,湖南境内的“诸县及五溪民皆为蜀”,他们全部投向了“敌国”刘备的方面,听从马良的调遣。“武陵蛮”就此“有了新的集结和组合”,这场主要由吴国潘浚和吕岱执行的“平叛”行动,从吴黄龙三年(公元231年)开始,经历四年,直到嘉禾三年(公元234年)冬,吴国大将潘浚和吕岱“斩杀获生,盖以万数”,才最终“平武陵蛮事毕”。因此,吴简1384上记载的大帆船应是当年平“武陵蛮”的一个“注脚”。

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