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惩治传销 立法须跑赢罪恶

2017-08-23 14:07:23   国际在线

  对于组织、领导传销活动罪,还坚持着传统的“首恶必办、胁从不问”刑事政策。这种刑事政策对打击一些团伙性犯罪,不无一些作用,但对于传销这种复杂的涉众犯罪,并不太合适。

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没有什么比戕害生命,更能凸显罪恶的残酷。

关于传销,每一次悲剧的报道,都能点燃人们心中的熊熊怒火。然而,伴随着严打风暴的告一段落,这一活动往往又像幽灵般出现。尽管,1998年4月18日,国务院即发布《关于全面禁止传销经营活动的通知》,其后又出台了刑法修正案、司法解释、行政法规,以及为数众多的红头文件,然而,传销活动并没有得到根本性纠治。

与瞬息万变的现实相比,立法是一项相对滞后的工作。诚然,立法者也有超前的神来之笔,但基于人类知识和技能的有限性,总想要为一个未知的未来立法,就如同拥有“上帝之手”,其难度可想而知。大多数立法是对当下的立法,为了防备滞后,有的法律采取了立法抽象的对策,再通过司法解释等“二次立法”,才勉强跟上现实的步伐。

传销手段的不断升级,意味着立法、执法和司法应对,势必困难重重。仅是一个“取证难”,就足以漏过为数不少的传销犯罪活动。

从认识层面看,“重拳出击”已成为人们的共识。问题是,这个重拳究竟重到什么程度?2009年2月,刑法修正案(七)增设了“组织、领导传销活动罪”,“处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处罚金;情节严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处罚金”。但是,与之前的非法经营罪相比,这个新设罪名的刑罚尺度并没有体现“严厉打击”的立法意图。

现实中,传销活动所造成的犯罪后果之严重,远超非法经营对经济秩序的单一损害。很多时候,传销分子为了“深化效果”,往往还采取非法拘禁、故意伤害、绑架等犯罪手段,对被害人的人身和财产权益,实施赤裸裸的侵犯。在这种情形下,仍以组织、领导传销活动罪处置,显然打击力度偏轻,难以体现罪责刑一致的刑法原则。

更不合时宜的是,对于组织、领导传销活动罪,还坚持着传统的“首恶必办、胁从不问”刑事政策。这种刑事政策对打击一些团伙性犯罪,不无一些作用,但对于传销这种复杂的涉众犯罪,并不太合适。

2010年5月7日《最高人民检察院、公安部关于公安机关管辖的刑事案件立案追诉标准的规定(二)》明确,“涉嫌组织、领导的传销活动人员在三十人以上且层级在三级以上的”,方予立案追诉。姑且不说“入罪门槛”过高,很多组织者为逃避打击,故意压缩规模、减少手下,或是缩小管理层级,采取“多点直辖”,造成“大鱼难落网”的局面。

而对“虾米”则有“网开一面”之嫌。对于那些屡教不改的传销参与者,根据国务院2005年颁布的《禁止传销条例》,不构成犯罪的,只能“责令停止违法行为,可以处2000元以下的罚款”。简单的批评教育,不痛不痒的罚款,对被洗脑的传销人员,效果并不理想,仍执迷不悟,甚至继续对抗查处的,并不在少数。尽管从社会危害性上看,有些参与者也已达到“入罪量级”,却不能依法追究刑事责任,更有姑息放纵之嫌。

目前,一场声势浩大的打击传销犯罪行动,正在多地展开,打造无传销城市,也成为一些城市的宣传口号。但是,从长远看,还应将着力点放在立法上,让滞后的“刑法”“禁止传销条例”等法规尽快跟上现实的步伐,压过传销犯罪的气焰。如此,来一场与犯罪活动的马拉松,才能不让类似悲剧屡屡刺痛人们的双眼。

(作者:欧阳晨雨 原标题:惩治传销 立法须跑赢罪恶)

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