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内科胸腔镜为患者识别“真凶”

2017-08-23 10:09:44   中国青年网

武汉市肺科医院呼吸科主任杜荣辉

胸腔镜

找出女士胸腔积液原因

52岁的李女士家住黄陂。7年前,她因左侧乳腺癌做了切除手术,随后进行数次放化疗。到了今年2月,患者突然右侧胸痛,复查CT发现右侧胸腔积液。

这个胸腔积液,到底是乳腺癌转移所致,还是免疫力下降导致的结核感染?常规检查手段难以辨明。

2月底,李女士转入市肺科医院。呼吸科主任杜荣辉在患者腋下打了一个直径不到1公分的“钥匙孔”,接着送入胸腔镜探查,发现患者脏层和壁层分布着大大小小十几个结节。利用胸腔镜上自带的活检钳,医生夹取部分组织做检查。令人惋惜的是,这些肉疙瘩被证实为转移性腺癌,意味着李女士病情发生了远期转移。

无独有偶,肖先生不久前因咳嗽胸闷,在当地医院查出胸腔积液。上周,肖先生转入市肺科医院,医生通过内科胸腔镜检查,确诊患者为结核性胸膜炎。经过对症治疗,肖先生的症状迅速缓解。

结核和肿瘤的鉴别诊断

有了新手段

“胸腔积液中,约50%为结核病所致,40%为肿瘤所致,此外约10%为风湿、结缔组织疾病,低蛋白血症等原因所致。”武汉市肺科医院呼吸科主任杜荣辉介绍,去年9月,他们开始在临床上开展内科胸腔镜检查,以便明确导致胸腔积液的具体原因,截至目前已完成40多例检查。

记者昨在市肺科医院看到,胸腔镜长约30—40厘米,如筷子一般粗细,前端带有镜头,后端则连接到电脑显示屏上。杜荣辉介绍,胸腔镜并非最近一两年兴起的新技术,以往外科医生常将其用于肿瘤、结节的切除手术。而将之作为内科检查手段,则是该院的一项创新突破。

“之所以这么说,是因为内科胸腔镜为结核病和肿瘤提供了确诊手段。”杜荣辉介绍,以往患者出现咳嗽、胸痛等疑似结核的症状,需抽取胸水做结核菌化验,但能够找到结核菌的比例不足10%。若将胸水样本做结核菌培养,检出率可提高到33%,但培养周期长达两个月,病人根本等不起。由于缺乏有效的确诊手段,医生只能依据症状做出临床诊断,对患者进行尝试性用药。

在内科胸腔镜检查开展以后,这种尴尬不复存在。医生可以通过镜头清晰地看到患者胸腔内的情况,通过对胸腔内钳取出来的标本做结核分子生物学检查,即可进一步明确诊断。

40分钟完成检查

只需局部麻醉

“内科胸腔镜在局麻下进行,仅需40分钟即可完成。”杜荣辉介绍,首先,医生根据B超或CT定位,向患者胸膜腔注入少量气体,像吹气球一样把胸膜腔“吹”起来;接着,在患者胸部打开一个小孔,送入胸腔镜观察内部情况,并利用特制器械钳取部分病变组织进行分析。

杜荣辉说,尽管这种检查方式精准高效,但操作存在一定风险。有的病人胸膜腔内粘连很厉害,布满了瘦肉条样的炎性组织,镜头内视野很差,钳取组织时一不留神,就可能引起气胸或大出血。为此,在实施内科胸腔镜以前,医生都会为病人做个CT检查,对胸腔内的情况有个初步判断,以明确患者是否适宜此项检查。

“内科胸腔镜的开展,为肺科疑难杂症的鉴别诊断提供了有力手段,不少患者辗转多家医院后赶来求助。”杜荣辉不无骄傲地说,由于结核病是导致胸腔积液最常见的原因,而综合医院即便开展了内科胸腔镜检查,也无法与结核分子生物学检查相结合,因此武汉市肺科医院在这一领域具备了“不可替代性”。

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