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少年司法宜构建“轻轻重重”二元化模式

2017-08-22 08:28:57   中国青年网

自上海市长宁区法院建立第一个未成年人刑事案件合议庭,长宁区检察院成立第一个“少年起诉组”,我国的少年司法已经历了30余年的探索。但是,目前的少年司法依然没有形成成熟的独立刑事司法体系,少年司法怎样能够尽快“长大成人”,是摆在法律人面前的一个重大而急迫的课题。

少年司法领域的三重价值冲突

在司法实践中,一方面,未成年人刑事恶性案件时有发生,引发社会舆论广泛关注,如何对未成年人犯罪进行合法、合乎情理且符合社会民众期待的矫治和惩罚,是当前社会发展过程中面临的一个难题;另一方面,一些个案面临法律适用不一的问题。依照刑法,已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪,应当从轻或者减轻处罚,不过在法律适用过程中,存在较大自由裁量空间。在未成年人犯罪案件中,如何充分彰显儿童最大利益原则和教育、矫治理念?实践中,有的案件在处理时体现得并不充分,这是因为在少年司法领域存在较难调和的价值冲突,主要集中在以下三个方面:

第一,社会利益与儿童利益如何兼顾。《联合国儿童权利公约》确立的儿童利益最大化原则是少年司法领域的首要原则,要求对于儿童的一切司法行动,应以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑。对于触法的未成年人,要重视非刑事化、非刑罚化、非监禁化的运用,监禁手段只能是一种不得已的最后选择。诚然,从捍卫社会利益方面来看,少年司法是需要达到一般预防和特殊预防效果的,但一般预防对于心智不成熟的儿童而言是存在一定困难的,某种意义上,对罪错少年的罪责刑相适应的惩处就成为一种必然选择。这是少年司法领域面临的价值冲突之一。

第二,惩罚与教育如何平衡。“教育为主,惩罚为辅”是我国未成年人保护法确立的原则,是“宜教不宜罚”少年司法理念在我国的立法体现,要求对触法少年尽量采取教育手段,惩罚是不得已的最后手段。但在有的地方,报应性的刑事司法在处理未成年人案件中仍然具有相当影响力,很难营造真正良好的教育氛围,教育有时会沦为诉讼程序中的“填鸭式”或“车轮战式”教育。如何将“教育为主,惩罚为辅”的要求真正贯彻到少年刑事司法中,仍然是需要从多方面加以保障的问题。此为少年司法领域的价值冲突之二。

第三,报应与矫治如何兼容。从目前来看,置身于成人刑事司法之中的我国少年司法的报应性特征仍然比较明显,在有些时候,对犯罪少年的刑罚惩处依然是少年司法的首要任务。对犯罪少年的矫治更多的是通过惩罚的“轻缓化”、教育的“程序化”和矫治的“个别化”来实现的,以报应性为特征的刑事司法对兼顾矫治的价值追求本身就存在着价值冲突。此乃少年司法领域的价值冲突之三。

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