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根据毒品互易目的确定行为性质

2017-08-21 08:22:33   中国青年网

毒品互易,是指类别、质量、纯度等不同毒品之间的相互交换,如鸦片、大麻、甲基苯丙胺等之间进行互换,但是也不排除同种类不同纯度的毒品之间进行互换的可能。由此可知,凡互相移转自己所支配和控制的毒品所有权的行为均属于毒品互易行为。尽管传统刑法理论早已将以毒品作为等价物交换商品、支付报酬或者偿还债务的行为纳入到贩卖毒品罪中予以规制,但是,争论却一直存在。

对于毒品互易行为是否构成贩卖毒品罪,存在否定说和肯定说两种观点。

否定说认为,毒品互易行为不能构成贩卖毒品罪。因为,毒品互易行为不符合买卖行为的特征,一是从毒品互易行为的特征上理解,买卖是以货币易物,而毒品互易是以毒易毒;二是从商品的基本属性上理解,对于买卖行为来说,买受人追求的是商品的价值之实现,而毒品互易中,互易行为人大多追求的是对象物的使用价值;三是从逻辑上分析,互易毒品行为虽然具有有偿性,但不能据此认定其和买卖毒品行为具有同质性。由此可见,毒品互易行为和贩卖毒品行为存在着性质上的差别,在立法没有完善的情况下,不能将其认定为贩卖毒品罪。

肯定说认为,毒品互易行为构成贩卖毒品罪。理由在于:第一,毒品本身可以折算成一般等价物以作为交换的载体。在毒品互易这种交易方式中,毒品这一违禁品完全可以作为交换的载体与其他违禁品相互交易,互易的双方是将毒品这种原本属于国家限制流通的物品按照“黑市价格”折算成一般等价物,从而以相对应数量的此种毒品代替了本应用相当数额的货币去购买的另一种相应数量的毒品。第二,毒品互易在形式上符合了贩卖毒品罪的特征。在毒品互易的过程中,互易双方具有通过将毒品作为一般等价物来换取经济利益的目的,并且通过这种互易行为使得双方的目的得以达成,符合贩卖毒品罪的构成特征。因此,毒品互易行为可以认定为贩卖毒品罪。也有观点从毒品互易的对价销售性来分析,将互易毒品行为认定为贩卖毒品罪。

笔者认为,上述观点的争论及解决方法均不能从根本上对互易毒品行为进行准确定性。应从贩卖毒品罪的本质来寻求解决方案。根据刑法规定,贩卖毒品罪侵犯的是复杂客体,即国家对毒品的管理制度和公众的身体健康,且其属于抽象危险犯,罪名的成立不以实害后果的出现为必要构成要件。因此,贩卖毒品行为的规范目的应当是:禁止毒品的非法流通和扩散,以保护因毒品的蔓延而可能受到侵害或者威胁的公众的身体健康。因此,我国刑法才将贩卖毒品行为进行打击并且关口前移至“以贩卖为目的”的购买上。只要行为人主观上具有通过转让毒品使其在社会上流通、扩散的认识,客观上将自己具有控制和处分权的毒品非法转移给他人,就侵害了国家对毒品的管理制度,危害了或者威胁到了公众的身体健康,理应受到刑法的打击。

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