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从伪满帝宫到长春地质宫 从伪满国都广场到文化广场

2017-08-21 06:51:38   中国青年网

长春晚报记者 赵娟 通讯员 王庆祥

风景秀丽的新民大街两侧集中了最为重要的伪满遗迹,如今是长春的历史文化名街,也是全国著名的旅游观光地。伪满时期,它却有另一个名字,叫顺天大街,这一名称道出了日本军国主义对东北进行殖民侵略、奴役东北人民的本意。

伪满顺天大街北起兴仁大路(现解放大路),隔国都广场(现文化广场),与拟建的伪满帝宫(现地质宫)相望;南至安民广场(现新民广场),和南湖相望。顺天大街西侧路经顺天公园(现德苑公园)。

伪满垮台前,顺天公园没有任何绿化,只有一潭碧波。安民广场在伪满时期没有铺装,黄土盖地,现已是满眼青翠、绿草如茵。顺天大街可以说是伪满时期的政治中心,伪满帝宫、伪满国务院、伪满军事部、伪满司法部、伪满经济部等多个重要部门都设立在此,而且至今这些建筑还保存完好。

延续伪满帝宫建成的长春地质宫

1945年初,伪满帝宫只完成了部分墙体,尚未完工,从伪满帝宫向南延伸的顺天大街两侧的官厅建筑也只完成了六栋,规划用地的一半还处于空地状态。20世纪50年代初期,长春市对新民大街沿线的建筑进行续建,建筑式样定为民族风格。首先开始续建的是未完成的伪满帝宫政殿,续建工程在原来设计的基础上有所改动,将原设计的两层改为四层,瓦的颜色改为汉族皇宫常用的黄色,这个建筑完成后被作为长春地质学院的校舍加以利用,并重新开始了建设。

1952年在原伪满洲国“宫内府”的“政殿”基础上开始修建著名的长春地质宫,地质宫为钢筋混凝土结构,绿琉璃瓦覆盖,建筑面积三万平方米,是一座仿中国古典风格的宫殿建筑。它的名字是当时任中国科学院院长的郭沫若给取的,因为是长春地质学院的教学楼故名“地质宫”,一直沿用到今天。其外观基本上与原设计相同,采用当时盛行的形式,绿色琉璃瓦的歇山屋顶和庞大的建筑体量,使其成为长春市又一个标志性建筑。这种风格的建筑在当时的中国被视为摆脱外国支配、恢复中华民族主义的象征,同时也体现出了中国人首次自行设计建设近代建筑的自豪感。在现在的台湾,这种风格也经常在公共建筑中被采用。但后来,由于“地质宫”建筑过于奢华,也曾遭到《人民日报》的批判。

文化广场的前身是伪满国都广场

“地质宫”门前广场有18万平方米,也就是今天的文化广场。地质宫内设有地质博物馆,从各种珍贵钻石、矿产直到各种古生物化石标本、恐龙化石等应有尽有,是六大自然科学博物馆之一、地学胜地。宫殿前草坪广场可容50多万人集会。站在宫殿的中轴线上向南眺望,一条宽80米的笔直的新民大街直向南湖公园延伸,中线花坛为松、柏、丁香树风景带和两侧的高可钻天的杨树,形成1500米的绿色长廊,伪满国务院及下属“八大部”的办公楼全部坐落于大街两侧,形成一个菱形景区,建筑各具特色,绝无雷同。

今天的文化广场是全市最大的城市广场,总面积20.5公顷,历史上地质宫广场曾被规划为伪满洲国的国都广场。广场以新民大街道路中心线至广场主楼中央为南北主轴,中轴线全长429米,由南向北依次排列为:广场主入口、南北主路。中心广场的中央是太阳鸟雕塑,北面是露天音乐坛,跨过东西主路是1万平方米的主楼前庭广场,最北端为地质宫主楼。整个中轴线采用天然花岗石铺砌,给人以自然、庄严、厚重的感觉。中心广场至主入口两侧均为广场绿化用地和园路用地,总面积4万平方米,还饲养了3000只广场鸽,为广场增添情趣。

文化广场是长春一道美丽的城市风景,具有很浓重的文化气息。白天,游人们在这里观光,孩童在这里嬉戏,鸽子自由自在地在天空飞舞,喷泉吐出晶莹的水花,每当春秋季节的时候,广场上空飘舞着美丽的风筝,离很远就可以看到。晚上,这里又成了文化的海洋,有读英语的,有弹琴的,有唱歌的,和着孩子们的欢笑声,构成一道美丽的城市风景线。

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