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悲鸿马:中西融合的成功典范

2017-08-20 05:16:23   中国青年网

欢庆内蒙古自治区成立70周年之际,美术界的目光聚焦草原题材美术创作。其中,马作为蒙古民族文化的象征和中华民族精神的体现,其在中国美术史上所抒写的独特篇章,再一次引发业界的观察与思考。从历史纵深的角度,回望历代画家以马为主题抒咏的千古情怀,特别是徐悲鸿以马的刻画熔古铸今的艺术创造,可以窥见民族艺术的丰富性与生命力,以及其在继承发扬传统美德及传统文化方面的独特作用和历史意义。

“一洗万古凡马空”,是唐代大诗人杜甫赞美同时代画马名家曹霸的诗句。虽然今人已无缘目睹曹霸绘画真迹,但是杜甫专为他所作的《丹青引赠曹将军霸》和《韦讽录事宅观曹将军画马图》两首诗,为我们留下了无限追慕与想象空间。

马是六畜之首,外形俊美,古代马匹在战争和仪仗中的作用,也使得人们对它产生特别的偏爱。画史记载,魏晋时期,顾恺之、陆探微、张僧繇等人均以马为题材作过画,据传张僧繇还画过《名马谱》。唐代帝王贵胄好马成风,画马成为风尚,鞍马独立成一画科,名家辈出。曹霸、韩幹、陈闳、韦偃、韩滉等人,极一时之盛,创作了许多神采飞扬的骏马。唐代以后,鞍马题材虽然不再兴盛,但也不乏名家,北宋李公麟,元代赵孟頫、任仁发,清代郎世宁等均有画马杰作载于史册。中国古代画家,或借马表现农家风俗和少数民族游猎生活,或借马表现文人情怀,画法以工笔重彩或工笔白描为主,中国美术史不时吹拂草原风。

在中国现代美术史上,最为著名的画马名家当数徐悲鸿。就艺术实践而言,这位全才型艺术家,在素描、油画、中国画、诗文、书法等各个领域均有杰出表现。其中,他画的马,被认为是中西融合的成功典范,他亦因此而成为既有理论倡导又有艺术实践的融合派大家。

20世纪初,中国画坛墨戏之习和泥古之风盛行,艺术表现流于空泛,吸收西画的写实之法以改良中国画,成为许多革新人士的共识。徐悲鸿是其中最为踊跃者。他幼年以中国画启蒙,后赴法国学习素描和油画,归国后将其融合到中国画之中,一生致力于以西画的写实精神改良中国画,其中尤以马的表现最为成功。徐悲鸿在欧洲留学时,曾到动物园画过大量马的速写与素描,认真研究过马的生理结构。他曾在致刘勃舒的一封信中说:“我爱画动物,皆对实物用过极长时间的功。即以马论,速写稿不下千幅,并学过马的解剖,熟悉马的骨架、肌肉、组织。又然后详审其动态及神情,乃能有得。”因此,徐悲鸿能将马的体面关系与笔墨的写意趣味融而为一,在增加对象体量感的同时,又不失中国画水墨神韵。他画马也形成了一些造型程式,如突出两块胸大肌,用焦墨画颈鬣和马尾,造型精练,简约传神,以至于像齐白石画虾那样妇孺皆知。

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