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说不尽的《祥林嫂》

2017-08-19 15:56:19   中国青年网

越剧《祥林嫂》被誉为上世纪40年代越剧改革的里程碑,自创排以来,就被不同剧种的很多艺术家演绎,深受观众喜爱。这出戏背后,有着更为精彩的“戏外之戏”,不妨绕到后台来一探究竟。

《祥林嫂》是越剧大师袁雪芬的代表作,众多袁派弟子都把能学会、演好这出戏,作为自己毕生的艺术追求。1978年,越剧彩色电影《祥林嫂》拍摄,由金采风扮演青年祥林嫂。出场一段的情节,是祥林嫂听到婆婆和小叔说要将她卖掉,内心非常痛苦,但又无处诉说。她进屋后,将门掩住,不觉悲从中来,面对祥林的灵位进行了一大段诉说。对金采风的表演,袁雪芬提出了要求:“掩门时有十几秒是背对观众的,观众怎么能看出你的情绪呢?你的背影也要有戏啊。”金采风一开始被难住了,但她经过反复思考,深入体会人物当时的心情,是如此来表现这段戏的:祥林嫂含泪进屋,看到祥林的牌位,她刚想开口,却发现门没有关,于是赶紧去关上门,掩面在门上,轻轻跺脚、抽泣、摇头,这一连串动作,都是背对观众,但观众却仿佛看到了祥林嫂脸上的忧伤,更加切实地感受到祥林嫂内心的痛苦。

“背影也要有戏”——这充分体现出袁雪芬精湛的艺术创造力,在看似没戏的地方有戏,而且要成为出彩的戏。

贺老六去世的那场戏,袁雪芬也设计了很有难度的表演。祥林嫂拿着小篮子和一只小鞋子,晃晃悠悠,回到家中说:“老六,我们的阿毛被狼吃掉了。”祥林嫂发现老六没有声音,原来老六已经去世了。她高喊一声:“阿毛爹!”然后是往后搓步,半个踉跄,捶胸顿足,紧接着向前扑倒在老六身旁,双手颤抖地扶起他,痛哭不已。

这段戏几乎没有唱念,演员的表演加上“阿毛爹”这三个字,就能让观众汗毛立、珠泪流,这说明袁雪芬太懂戏曲表演了。一句简单的呼唤,一两个动作,化繁为简,四两拨千斤,用最俭省的艺术手法,表达了最丰富的情感。

袁雪芬是唯一登上天安门城楼参加开国大典的地方戏曲艺术家,不但艺高,而且德厚。她常常提携越剧后辈,向前来问艺的各剧种的艺术家倾囊传艺,曾留下过“祥林嫂”无私帮助“祥林嫂”的梨园佳话。2004年,淮剧名家陈澄想排演《祥林嫂》,多次来沪请教袁雪芬,袁雪芬的无私指导,使得该剧一经推出便引发轰动,陈澄也因此获得了中国戏剧梅花奖和白玉兰戏剧主角奖。

此外,李忆兰、新凤霞、鑫艳玲等评剧大师,也曾演绎过祥林嫂这个艺术形象。评剧名家谷文月在演绎祥林嫂之前,给观众印象最深的是“杨三姐”这个艺术形象,她将一个十四五岁的,为姐姐打官司的,又智慧、又刚烈的小女子表现得惟妙惟肖。然而祥林嫂这个角色,和她以往创造的角色反差巨大,特别是后面那个有点痴痴的祥林嫂。怎样才能准确塑造人物呢?她不断向越剧《祥林嫂》学习,并且深入生活。她惊喜地发现,受了刺激的老年人都有一个特征:眼里无光,目光呆滞。有人呼唤时,他们都是听见声音,头先转动,寻找声音,目光再跟过去。谷文月将这个特点运用到祥林嫂在老六和阿毛死后,二进鲁府的戏里,一个鲜活的祥林嫂就此展现在观众面前,这出戏也成为谷文月的又一个代表作。

越剧《祥林嫂》创演至今,久演不衰,同时也被改编成各个剧种,争相上演,为何?1978年《上海文艺》如是评价:“这是一出剧本好、导演好、表演好、音乐好、舞美好的好剧,整个演出像一部和谐的乐章,给人的艺术感受是强烈的、深远的。”我想这句话,应该是对这出戏的最好的总结了。

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