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牵牛花开绕满园

2017-08-18 04:21:51   中国青年网

牵牛花。齐白石/绘

夏日清晨,数丛牵牛花蓦地爬上了庭院中的篱笆顶梢,红的、白的、紫的小喇叭一朵朵朝天次第而开,楚楚动人。“素罗笠顶碧罗檐,晓卸蓝裳着茜衫。望见竹篱心独喜,翩然飞上翠琼簪。”杨万里把牵牛花比作少女,将牵牛花的形态、色彩、特性写得淋漓尽致。

牵牛花又名喇叭花。俗话说:“秋赏菊,冬扶梅,春种海棠,夏养牵牛。”可见,在夏天的众多花草中,牵牛花无疑算得上是宠儿了。牵牛花是一种很勤劳的花。每当公鸡刚啼过头遍,绕篱萦架的牵牛花枝头,就开放出一朵朵喇叭似的花来。

它开花的过程很奇特,先由螺旋的蕾头渐渐地展开,形成立体的小五角星状,再展开如旋转的风车状,扩张着变成稍大一点的五边形,最后才形成近似圆形的花冠,沐浴着晓雾,羞迎着阳光。人们在晨曦中呼吸着清新的空气,饱览着点缀于绿叶丛中的鲜花,真是别有一番情趣。缘于此,牵牛花又名“朝颜”。

牵牛花还有个美丽的传说。传说很早以前,有一个村子,村中很多人得了一种怪病。腹胀难忍,四肢肿胀、大便干燥。很多医生都治不好这种怪病,人们一直生活在痛苦之中。有一个与牛相依为命的牧童,非常聪明。一日,牛突然开口对他说话:“远方有一座大山,山中长着许多像喇叭的小花,我带着你找到它的种子,就可以治好全村人的病。”牧童听后,带着干粮,牵着牛去寻找远方的大山。历尽千辛万苦,终于找到了像喇叭一样的小花,并带着花的种子牵着牛回到家乡。得病的村民吃了花的种子,都神奇的治好了病,恢复了健康。大家为了纪念牧童,把这种花的种子叫“牵牛子”,并把它种到地下,为更多的百姓治病。写《本草纲目》的李时珍对此解释说:“牵牛子能走气分,通三焦,气顺则痰逐饮消,上下通快矣。”

艺术家、画家、诗人,绘画作诗赞颂牵牛花。著名的京剧表演艺术家梅兰芳特爱牵牛花。他认为,牵牛花是勤劳的使者,每天清晨吹响破晓的小喇叭,如雄鸡高歌,催人奋起。他常与牵牛花比赛,看谁起得最早。梅兰芳往往抢先一步,借着牵牛花晨曦开花之时,就苦练身段。他演《贵妃醉酒》中贵妃赏花的“卧鱼”身段,就是看花时受到的启发。每到牵牛花盛开时,他总要邀请著名画家齐白石、吴昌硕、徐悲鸿、张大千等到家中赏花作画。齐白石画了幅牵牛花送梅兰芳,上面题词:“百本牵牛如斗大,三年无梦到梅家。”并说自己画牵牛花,多以梅家牵牛花为“模特”。

牵牛花不仅仅为现代人所喜欢,历代文人墨客也争相为牵牛花创作诗词歌赋。

宋代林逋《牵牛花》诗云:“圆似流泉碧剪纱,墙头藤蔓自交加。天孙滴下相思泪,长向深秋结此花。”是说牵牛花的喇叭口,如流泉喷涌,又似淡蓝色的羽纱剪裁而成。旺盛的藤蔓在墙头上互相缠绕。每年七夕织女与牛郎相会,牵牛花一直要开放到深秋,好似牛郎、织女忠贞爱情的象征。

另一首写牵牛花的诗,也表达了同样的意思:“久盼牛郎牵犊来,天孙隔岸望千回。相思泪化花千朵,飘向人间烂漫开。”

宋代文同写的《牵牛花》诗,还赋予牵牛花新的寓意:“柔条百尺长,秀萼包千叶。不惜作高架,为君相引接。”把牵牛花搭架攀缘生长,寓意甘作人梯的高尚品质。

细一观察,牵牛花果然不仅只在竹篱笆上,即便是一根细绳子,它照样能飞攀而上。简约的花形中蕴藏着一股力量,体现出一种积极向上的精神,让人钦佩。

(作者:徐廷华)

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