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从“太子奶破产案”谈《企业破产法》颁布十周年

2017-08-16 12:23:54   中国经济网

《企业破产法》曾是我国上千部法典中姗姗来迟的一部法典,即使迟来,到今年也已经实施整整十年。但令当时的起草者们尴尬的是,新法实施之后,中国破产案例反而呈现出连年下降、低位徘徊的态势,直到2013年破产案件数量才出现拐点。到2016年全国法院共审结破产案件3602件,比2015年大幅上升了60.6%。业内专家指出,纵观《企业破产法》执行案例,其中几乎没有权威案例分析,更没有深度讨论的文章,这方面的理论也几乎是空白,急需填补。

中共中央、国务院、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院分别对完善产权保护制度依法保护产权作了特别强调,严禁用刑事手段插手经济纠纷。最高人民法院要求,坚决纠正刑事执法介入民事纠纷而导致的错案。而改革开放三十年来,特别是针对民营企业的破产,几乎是清一色由地方政府主导、公检法介入。在公安没有侦查完毕,法院还未判决是否构成犯罪之前已将企业资产完全处理完毕。此类处置中,“太子奶破产”一案就十分典型。相信很多人都对湖南“太子奶”这个名噪一时的全国乳业品牌记忆犹新,其鼎盛时期的营收曾达到20亿元。但2008年世界金融危机之后,公司扩张遇阻导致资金链出现了问题。2009年1月湖南株洲市政府组建“高科奶业”,由株洲经济开发区管委会副主任文迪波出任董事长,正式接管太子奶,太子奶创始人兼董事长李途纯交出经营权,企业于2010年被裁定进入破产重整程序。之后,李途纯历经因涉嫌非法吸收公众存款罪被抓、后被宣布无罪释放的风波。2011年7月,“高科奶业”文迪波被湖南省纪委“双规”,后因受贿罪和渎职罪被法院判处9年有期徒刑。当时的地方政府处置破产太子奶就遭到全体股东、全体员工、全体债权人的集体反对。在强制执行后,万名员工下岗,耗尽心血培育的民族品牌日渐没落。据相关财报显示,湖南太子奶如今的业绩已不及辉煌时期的十分之一,2016年营业收入1.82亿元,净亏损达5120万元。

市场经济不同于计划经济,市场经济最大的特点是依法治国。而政府职能的错位,导致破产企业没有依法进行。政府的职能是守门人、看护神、服务者、协调者,而不是强势介入代理职能。但执行民营企业破产案例中,很多是政府冲在最前。“太子奶破产案”中,当地政府指定托管人,并有公检法介入。“太子奶破产案”中,李途纯介绍说,当年自己被关押时被逼放弃股权,低价处理资产,转让股权。而其间破产管理人渎职,也无法追其责。另外,破产案的执行中,半途而废者众,有始无终者居多。《企业破产法》修改后特别增加了管理人一个章节,规定了管理人的职责义务和权利,而对不依法执行《 企业破产法》,不作为的管理人,目前很难追究他们的法律责任。

相关专家认为,破产是对债权债务关系的全面清理或重新调整,事关市场主体的“生死存亡”,牵涉到了资产清核、债权登记、财产变价与分配等重大事项,这些无不需要利益相关方根据自身利益做出判断与选择。在破产案件中,政府的职责应主要是负责推动《企业破产法》的实施,管理破产方面的行政事务,对破产案件中涉及商业判断的事项不做干预。如果没有这种清晰的界限,不仅会导致破产程序难以有效进行,影响到司法公正,也更加会阻碍市场活力的迸发。

总之,我国市场经济起步较晚,《企业破产法》起步更晚。《企业破产法》作为市场经济的基本法,要不断总结破产民营企业执行过程中的经验教训,完善产权保护制度。尤其是在中央坚定推动供给侧改革的背景下,也迫切需要对僵尸企业从法律上构建更健全、更顺畅的退出通道。这对于满十周年的《企业破产法》来说,这意味着新的环境和征程,也意味着更多的挑战。(评论员张则华)

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