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美国应寻求通过世贸组织解决对华贸易争端

2017-08-16 07:12:36   中国青年网

前白宫贸易顾问、美国智库彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩日前接受新华社记者专访时表示,美国应寻求通过世贸组织规则而非“301调查”等单边制裁工具来解决对华贸易争端。

美国总统特朗普14日签署行政备忘录,指示美国贸易代表莱特希泽根据《1974年贸易法》研究决定是否对中国与知识产权相关的贸易政策和行为发起“301调查”。此举引发外界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。

对此,鲍恩表示,虽然上世纪80年代和90年代初美国政府曾频繁使用“301调查”工具,但如今的世界与那时相比已大不相同,特朗普政府动用“301调查”的理由并不充分。

他指出,在1994年关税与贸易总协定“乌拉圭回合”谈判结束后,美国与其他国家达成了默契,同意建立包含约束性争端解决机制的世贸组织,同时美国基本停止使用“301调查”工具。

“虽然没有正式的协议要求美国必须停止使用‘301调查’,但对美国来说确实没必要再度使用这项法律条款,因为世贸组织已拥有有效的争端解决机制。”他说。

奥巴马政府时期的美国贸易代表迈克尔·弗罗曼日前接受媒体采访时表示,奥巴马政府倾向于跳过“301调查”程序,直接向世贸组织提出贸易诉讼。鲍恩指出,不仅奥巴马政府,小布什政府和克林顿政府都倾向于这么做,将世贸组织作为改变其他国家政策的渠道。

在鲍恩看来,如果特朗普政府发起“301调查”,将会加深外界对其抛弃美国几十年来支持的基于规则的贸易体系和国际合作承诺的担忧。

鲍恩还担心,特朗普政府4月份对进口钢铁和铝产品启动的国家安全调查“打开了潘多拉魔盒”。他说,如果美国可以声称进口钢铁和铝产品对国家安全构成威胁,那么“基本上任何国家都可以说任何进口产品对其国家安全构成威胁,然后施加贸易壁垒”,这样,全球贸易协定将变得毫无意义。

鲍恩建议,中美双方就产能过剩、投资关系、国有企业、知识产权保护等诸多议题展开谈判,争取达成一项新的贸易协定,不一定是双边协定,也可以通过多边渠道来解决关系两国的核心问题。他表示,谈判的议题越多越广,中美双方越容易妥协和达成一揽子协议。

鲍恩认为,特朗普政府当前面临的最大政策缺失是尚未真正接触世贸组织,不仅没有利用世贸组织的争端解决机制,也没有参与部分世贸组织成员发起的服务贸易协定和环境产品协定等行业性贸易谈判。他强调,单边制裁工具并不能达到预期目标,系统性的贸易问题最好拿到世贸组织解决。

弗罗曼也警告,过去数十年来几乎每届美国政府都要求其他国家遵守全球贸易规则,如果特朗普政府开始绕开世贸组织规则而采取单边制裁措施,其他国家将可对美国展开合法报复,甚至可能效仿美国采取单边主义举措,这将瓦解以规则为基础的国际贸易秩序。

文/新华社记者 高 攀 金旼旼

(新华社华盛顿8月14日电)

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