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从奇迹到经典的《红色娘子军》

2017-08-15 15:22:59   中国青年网

■卜大炜

八一前夕,我又一次观赏了中芭复排上演的中国芭蕾舞剧《红色娘子军》,距我1967年5月第一次观看中芭的《红色娘子军》正好50年。那次我被深深震撼了,进而,我们这些被点燃了对芭蕾强烈兴趣与好奇心的同学们,一遍又一遍地去看电影《列宁在1918》,为的就是看片中莫斯科大剧院演出《天鹅湖》中王子与白天鹅的慢板双人舞镜头,试图一窥世界芭蕾艺术为何等景致。

10多年后,欧洲的浪漫芭蕾、古典芭蕾陆续登陆中国的舞台,如今中国国际芭蕾舞演出季也在天桥剧场举办了三届,巴黎大剧院、英皇大剧院、莫斯科大剧院、马林斯基剧院及欧美诸多芭蕾舞大团和芭蕾舞大戏都在中国登陆过,芭蕾艺术的繁花似锦在我们眼前一览无遗。然而今天回眸《红色娘子军》,更夯实了心目中其璀璨夺目的芭蕾经典的地位。在《天鹅湖》中有《四个小天鹅》这样的名段,在《红》剧第四场中的《琼花、连长双人舞》同样诗意浪漫;在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中,两个家族的年轻人击剑决斗的音乐对抗强烈,而《红色娘子军》第四场《琼花、连长打靶双人舞》的音乐同样棱角鲜明。

《红色娘子军》是中国民族化芭蕾成功建构的经典。曲作者将民族音乐元素和西方交响乐技术化为自己的音乐语言,下笔如有神,喷涌而出。全剧的音乐具有浓厚的交响性,为剧中多位人物塑造了性格鲜明、贯穿全剧的音乐主题,这些主题在舞剧戏剧性发展过程中在不同的调性上以不同的变体出现,如洪常青的主题从出场亮相时的明亮、英姿勃勃,到牺牲后战友们悼念时低徊深沉的变奏。琼花的主题也随着人物性格的成长,从反抗、愤怒转向思考与成熟。《红色娘子军连歌》也作为动机或以动机的变体在许多戏剧节点出现。第六场琼花在洪常青牺牲的大榕树下急切询问其下落的音型,与第一场洪常青在椰林中关切询问琼花身世的音型呼应,而后G大调上洪常青主题的喷薄而出是情感宣泄。《红》剧音乐中民族化的音乐素材与交响技法完美结合,海南音乐、彝族舞曲、广东音乐中的曲牌“小开门”等等,或配以功能和声,或配以五声性和声。

“舞蹈是一种人造的梦游”,诸多西方评论家们以“力的对峙”、“力的运动”、“虚幻的力的意象”等概念来诠释芭蕾舞艺术,《红色娘子军》的舞蹈音乐正是这种意象的符号,给舞者以发力的启示。音乐是无形的,但由于有了节奏、节拍以及由此带来的重音构成的“动力性质”,成为舞蹈演员通过听觉而进行艺术再创作的媒介。从而完成了阿恩海姆所说的“力的行为”,给予了舞蹈以动态的支撑,舞蹈将“力的行为”通过肢体运动化为视觉行为。当晚中芭交响乐团在刘炬的指挥下,以鲜明的重音和精准的强拍给予舞蹈以强有力的律动支持。

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