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反腐之路任重道远

2017-08-15 09:35:08   中国青年网

尼日利亚是非洲第一大石油生产和出口大国,也是非洲第一大经济体。近年来,由于受到腐败肆虐、种族和宗教冲突、恐怖活动频繁等因素的影响,该国经济社会发展受到较大冲击。其中,腐败是尼日利亚首当其冲的“顽疾”。该国总统布哈里曾感叹道:“腐败在尼日利亚已经成为一种‘生活方式’”“腐败正在摧毁我们国家的法律和制度”。

尼日利亚腐败的种子与尼日利亚国家本身一样古老。早在英国殖民地时期,腐败就蔓延到了尼日利亚社会生活的各个层面。究其根源,主要是殖民地时期该国的管治结构和制度模式比较特殊,即由殖民地的相对文明开化的政府机构运用渊源于英国的制度模式来治理基本是由文盲的当地民众组成的社会。这使得政府机构、官员及相关的制度模式与社会大众之间存在某些难以磨合的“罅隙”。在这种社会治理模式下,如果对官员权力的监督约束滞后,那么权力寻租等腐败现象的发生则是必然的。因为民众为保护自己的权益不受公权力的侵犯,只能给官员提供贿赂或者“好处”,客观上助长了腐败的滋生。

20世纪60年代初尼日利亚独立后,多次发生军事政变,长期由军人执政。此一时期腐败现象最为突出,这与尼日利亚军人执政的特殊社会政治背景密切相关。长期以来,尼日利亚军队一直将自己视为国家安全的终极保护者,这种崇高的定位让他们对贪腐行为有恃无恐,进而也影响了军政府及其领导人对待腐败的态度。尽管如此,为了自身的长期执政地位及对民众反腐呼声的回应,军政府也采取了一些反腐败措施,这一时期,尼日利亚抗制腐败的法律制度主要是特别刑法和单行立法,并且创建了相关反腐败专门机构,如公共投诉局、腐败调查局(贪污调查局)、政府行为守则局和公众投诉委员会等,这些机构实际上所起的反腐作用不大。

1999年5月,尼日利亚军政府向民选政府交权。人民民主党候选人奥巴桑乔当选为尼日利亚总统,开启了尼日利亚政治新纪元。因尼日利亚长时期、大面积、深层次的腐败现象,已严重侵蚀了该国体制结构的经济、社会、政治和道德基础,反腐败成为势在必行的政策。奥巴桑乔上任后在反腐败方面表现出强烈的政治意愿,采取了诸多令人耳目一新的反腐措施。其中,尤为值得称道的是,通过了《腐败犯罪及其他相关犯罪法》《打击经济和金融犯罪委员会法》和《洗钱犯罪法》等重要反腐立法,并且设立了旨在保障有关法案执行的反腐专门机构。

《腐败犯罪及其他相关犯罪法》被称为尼日利亚史上最全面、最严厉的反腐败立法。为保障该法的有效实施,尼日利亚政府成立了“反腐败和相关犯罪独立调查委员会”。该委员会拥有广泛的、空前的调查、管理、督导和控制职权,不仅可以接受对腐败行为的举报并展开调查,在适当的案件中起诉腐败分子,而且还可以检查、评估和纠正公共机构制度和程序方面存在的腐败漏洞,亦具有教育、启发公众反对腐败及相关犯罪的职责。该委员会调查人员执行职务时同样享有法律授予警察的豁免权,只要其对相关物品或者证据与犯罪有关存在合理怀疑,就有权采取扣押或者查封措施。除了该委员会之外,尼日利亚还设立了一个与之近乎平行的反腐败机构——“打击经济和金融犯罪委员会”,这一委员会的成立旨在保障《打击经济和金融犯罪委员会法》的执行,其职责主要是查处经济犯罪、金融犯罪、资助恐怖主义活动、洗钱等腐败犯罪活动。当然,就尼日利亚反腐败机构的重要性来说,“反腐败和相关犯罪独立调查委员会”显然是最重要的一把反腐利器,是其溅起了尼日利亚反腐运动的第一滴血。值得注意的是,在尼日利亚反腐实践中,有声音认为尼日利亚反腐败立法规范内容和机构职能可能存在一定的交叉、多元,容易造成相关反腐败机构之间管辖权的冲突,这反而可能“加剧而不是减少”腐败现象。随着尼日利亚反腐运动如火如荼地开展,这种声音日渐式微,沉没在该国风起云涌的反腐败浪潮中。

尼日利亚现任总统布哈里2015年5月上台以后,沿袭了奥巴桑乔政府坚决惩治腐败的立场和做法。布哈里上任伊始,即高举反腐大旗,在国内掀起了一股肃贪旋风,不仅推动议会通过新的反腐法案,而且自己还带头向政府行为规范局申报个人财产,与副总统一道主动减少薪酬,强力打“老虎”,受到民众的热烈拥护和国际社会的高度赞誉。不过,也毋庸讳言,尼日利亚的腐败问题与艾滋病一样,都是难啃的硬骨头,要彻底根治实非易事,反腐败仍将是尼日利亚政府长期的艰巨任务。

(作者系北京师范大学国际反腐败教育与研究中心研究员、秘书长,中国刑法学研究会副秘书长)

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