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被拉长的时间

2017-08-15 04:30:56   中国青年网

·无限杂思·

一段忙碌的日子,过起来很快,回首往事时历历在目,时间又被拉长

文/刘洪波

在《尤利西斯》中,詹姆斯·乔伊斯曾用50页描述一个人入睡前的意识状态。尽管这读来很费时间,但这种意识状态真正发生的时间过程却未必很长。我们几乎都有过躺在床上入睡前思维闪现的经验。入睡是一个放松过程,努力往往并不能产生好的效果。此时外界事物也不构成大脑的焦点,内在的思绪就开始游走,一种非严格因果关系的意识联结使人从一个意识片断通向另一个片断,很快就会走到很远的地方。

在做一些无需太专注也比较无趣的事情时,人们也可能如此走神,精力不集中产生了不少事故。无聊地等人,无聊地旅行,情况也差不多,自己的意识在无意识地流动。这样的时候,我们度过的时间比感受到的时间要少一些,时间变慢了。过于强烈的睡前思维闪现让人辗转难安,失眠有时需要药物来缓解。在无聊的旅行中我们需要安排一些事情去做,事先下载几部电影在手机里再去搭乘长途车。等人的时候,咖啡馆的杂志聊以打发时间。这都是要让时间过得快一点。

“看着烧水水不开”,看起来是过于专注而拉长了时间,实则不然,专注能加快时间,而看着烧开水时,大脑实际上未被充分占据,于是各种意识流动起来,焦虑开始蔓延。听一场无趣的演讲,看场平淡的比赛,情形相似,我们不能沉入其间,注意力不能被这段时间安排的主题吸引,意识散漫,使时间显得比实际时间长。

有些情况下,时间又比实际上快得多。例如手术麻醉的患者,感到前一刻还在跟医生聊天,下一刻就醒了。车祸昏迷醒来的人也一样。昏睡病患者可能醒来并不意识到时间已过几十年,他以为自己仍是昏睡前的年龄。昏迷与苏醒之间的时间似乎无论多久都可以抹去,昏迷前与苏醒后的时间可以无缝对接。事实上,昏迷中的人也几乎未在大脑中处理什么信息,未有效感知什么。

人在睡眠时的时间感受取决于梦境。梦总是能让时间显得很长,意识或潜意识在做梦时脱离了控制,上天入地,游走八方,梦境中的行为丰富曲折,所需时间以日以月以年计,有时梦中套梦,有一部美国影片就是讲多重嵌套的梦境,而实际上做梦最多不过几十分钟。梦中醒来,人有时感到恍惚,一下子辨别不清到底是仍在睡前那天还是第二天。但在无梦的状态下,时间过得很快,早起的闹钟后,几分钟小寐会变成半小时过去,使人上班迟到。有报告说,监狱里的犯人甚至以多睡对付刑期,大概无论如何,睡眠对囚徒总是有利的,做梦差使时间变慢,毕竟体验自由,而无梦则使时间变快,感觉坐牢短。

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