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苦暑未必惊秋

2017-08-14 08:33:25   中国青年网

宛蓝

小暑一过,天气炎热,如同喧嚣的网络,各种抢夺眼球的新闻层出无穷,使人无法静心。

是日读诗,司马光的《六月十八日夜大暑》,正好是当下世态的写照——老柳蜩螗噪,荒庭熠耀流。人情正苦暑,物怎已惊秋。月下濯寒水,风前梳白头。如何夜半客,束带谒公侯。

此诗作于司马光晚年。他有如此感慨,正是他因为政治死对头王安石的缘故,离开京师,退居西京洛阳达十五年之久。其间,他也没闲着,主持编纂完成了史学巨著《资治通鉴》,而王安石因变法在统治集团内部受到猛烈攻击,估计司马光也时而听闻,才意味深长写下“人情正苦暑,物怎已惊秋。”

他与王安石曾是关系不错的好友,只是随着政局的变化,由于在变法问题上出现分歧,这两位昔日的好友,才在政治上开始对立起来。王安石去世后,他还建议朝廷追赠王安石正一品荣衔——太傅。而王安石去世半年后,司马光也去世了,不知泉下的他们,是否一笑泯恩仇?

说到诗史,世人皆推崇杜甫,但如果细读宋诗,其实历史渊源是连贯的。比如司马光写下《六月十八日夜大暑》,应是熙宁七年(1074年)至元祐元年(1086年)之前,正好是王安石官海浮沉之时,变法之路也坎坷不平。司马光虽然退居洛阳,但心系庙堂,自然对朝廷动向了如指掌。然而同是因为反对王安石变法,却又不赞同司马光尽废新法,搞一刀切的苏轼,结局却没有司马光与王安石死得那么荣耀。由于与司马光不合,苏轼出朝,一贬再贬,哲宗亲政,他甚至被放逐到海南儋州,可谓真真流落到天涯海角,与世隔绝。

在元符三年(1100年),哲宗病逝,徽宗即位,苏轼赦还,离岛之际,写下一首诗《六月二十日夜渡海》。与司马光所写的六月十八日相差两日,但时间横跨十多年。海岛艰苦,这首诗,就是当年此日,六十五岁的苏轼乘船夜渡海峡,一时感发,所写之心境——参横斗转欲三更,苦雨终风也解晴。云散月明谁点缀,天容海色本澄清。空余鲁叟乘桴意,粗识轩辕奏乐声。九死南荒吾不恨,兹游奇绝冠平生。

海南当时尚属蛮荒之地,艰苦程度超乎想象,苏轼已是六十二岁的老人,凭着乐观的东坡精神,他硬硬挨过旁人认为他生还无望的艰难日子,迎来了出岛那一天。其间心路曲折,甜酸苦辣,皆在写给弟弟苏辙的信里。

“九死南荒吾不恨,兹游奇绝冠平生。”能用奇绝形容自己贬谪经历,能笑谈九死南荒吾不恨,也只有苏轼这种旷达襟怀,才能真正总结出自己一生:“心似已灰之木,身如不系之舟。问汝平生功业,黄州惠州儋州。”黄州、惠州、儋州都是他的受难之所,但都成了他难以忘怀的精神圣地。

同属感怀之浩叹,司马光思疑的是如何夜半客,束带谒公侯。人闲心不闲。而苏轼,却把艰难过成境界,把无中生有的贬谪,认为是奇绝,逆境变成人生升华高峰,也唯有苏轼这个被林语堂先生称为“一个不可救药的乐天派”才能做到。

诗读到此,亦算真正以诗为史,记载下来的是真正的士大夫精神。

(摘自《深圳商报》2017年7月17日)

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