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“大鱼治水”碧波重返乌梁素海

2017-08-14 08:17:59   中国青年网

摄影师尤继宽拍了半辈子湿地水鸟。他回忆,早年在乌梁素海捕到大鱼是常事,捕鱼的人吃鱼时直接将湿地的水舀在锅里煮鱼就行,只放一把盐,炖出来的鱼那叫一个鲜美。

但是,后来尤继宽很少再光顾乌梁素海。“走在湖边一股浓浓的臭味,湖水不再清澈,鱼儿也不再肥美。”

乌梁素海位于内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗境内,是黄河改道形成的河迹湖,也是全球荒漠半荒漠地区极为少见的大型草原湖泊,属中国八大淡水湖之一,总面积约300平方公里。2002年,国际湿地公约组织将其列入国际重要湿地名录。

改革开放以来,随着内蒙古河套地区工农业经济和社会的发展,上游6个旗县区的生活污水、工业污水、农田退水全部排放到乌梁素海,各种有机物质氮、磷、营养盐等日积月累,加之水体交换有限,年蒸发量大,加剧了乌梁素海的富营养化进程,成为劣五类水质,以致乌梁素海的生态功能严重退化。

近年来,巴彦淖尔市采取“引河水、减污水、治内源、兴产业”的措施,累计投入综合治理资金26.3亿元,加大点源、面源污染治理,实施生态补水,全力推进乌梁素海综合治理与保护。

在治理上,巴彦淖尔市建成7个旗县区所在地的城镇污水处理厂,全市形成日处理污水40万吨能力,目前实际污水处理量为18万吨/日,流域16个国控在线监测涉水污染源实现稳定达标排放。

在生态补水方面,巴彦淖尔市统筹利用黄河凌汛水、灌溉间隙水,对乌梁素海进行连续性的生态补水,近年来已累计补水12亿立方米。

乌梁素海实业有限公司党委书记王瑞强告诉记者,乌梁素海目前面临最大的难题就是富营养化,催生了以狐尾藻为主体的水草疯长。

据统计,乌梁素海水生植物年产量高达300万吨以上,大量的水草在秋冬季腐烂后附带泥水,日积月累不断沉积,抬高湖床,使得乌梁素海部分区域草甸化。

其次,水生生物多样性急剧下降。乌梁素海的狐尾藻在每年的6月至9月是疯长期,导致全海区完全被水草覆盖,密不透风,水体浮游植物极其匮乏,以浮游植物为基础的水生生物食物链断裂,生物多样性急剧下降。

如何破解这一难题?记者在乌梁素海采访时,正好遇到中央电视台农业频道的工作人员在拍摄“大鱼治水”的科教电影。

“何为‘大鱼治水’?通俗地说,就是放入大鱼,让大鱼吃掉海里的腐烂水藻。”内蒙古乌梁素海水产养殖科技有限公司总经理马留功说。

马留功解释说,通过实际调查并多次邀请全国知名专家“会诊”,他们制定出“以鱼牧草”“以鱼控藻”“以水养鱼、以鱼净水”的生态养殖方案,并采取了边试验、边开发、逐步实施的办法。

近年来,该公司投资一亿多元实施“大鱼治水”。目前这一规划已见到效果,乌梁素海的养殖功能和生态功能正在大面积恢复中,数据监测显示,水质得到明显改善,湖区整体水质已达到地表水五类标准,局部区域水质达到四类。

马留功说,在最近的5年时间里,公司累计投放治水用的“大鱼”750万公斤,成功控制9万亩区域的水草疯长,消除了草甸化区域,湖床整体下降20厘米以上,抑制了沼泽化的发展趋势,恢复了鱼类生存环境和养殖功能。

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