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忘不了他们脸上写满的期待(驻外亲历)

2017-08-14 05:23:26   中国青年网

位于里约南部的巴西最大贫民窟——罗西尼亚贫民窟。

本报记者 张远南摄

提起贫民窟,你会想到什么,是巴西贫民窟的脏乱差、猖獗的毒品贸易和犯罪?是南非和肯尼亚贫民窟那些蜷缩在铁皮屋里佝偻的身影?是印度贫民窟狭窄的过道?抑或是美国贫民窟那些挣扎在贫困线下被忽略的人群?

联合国对贫民窟的定义是最恶劣的住房条件、最不卫生的环境、犯罪率高和吸毒盛行的穷人避难所。巴西与印度分别拥有拉丁美洲和亚洲最大的两个贫民窟,无论是《上帝之城》还是《贫民窟的百万富翁》,都只让我们窥探到了贫民窟生活的一角,那里有泪水、挣扎和绝望,但也有欢笑、奋斗与希望。

贫民窟是巴西、印度等不少国家城镇化过程中不可忽视的现象,这些贫民窟大多位于市中心或与闹市区仅一墙之隔的黄金地段。从巴西的罗西尼亚贫民窟可以远眺里约著名景点基督山和面包山;孟买的达拉维贫民窟紧挨着市中心豪华的建筑;纽约贫民区亨特镇旁一水之隔就是纽约市城区拉瓜迪亚机场……

贫民窟从何而来?有一种看法是因为城镇化带来的失衡导致大量农村劳动力涌入城市。大量农村劳动力只能聚集在大城市周围从事低端服务业,居住在最简易的环境中。随着时间的推移,聚集人群越来越多,贫民窟也就形成了。但由于最初大多数政府对此并没有合理的规划,贫民窟社区内相应的卫生、水循环设施极度匮乏,一些基本的电力供应等也很难跟上需求,所以贫民窟居民的居住环境在很长时间内是相当恶劣的。生存环境的恶劣也导致这些地区犯罪高发,极大影响了城市安全。

为了解决这一问题,各国政府都采取了相应的应对措施,巴西通过“家庭补助金”及“我的生活我的家”等项目,向穷人发放补助及建造廉租房,帮助他们改善生活环境;孟买的达拉维贫民窟因其低廉的房价发展成为小商品制造中心;纽约的亨特镇则成为美东地区最大的农副产品集散地之一。但这些措施在实施的过程中也都或多或少面临一些问题,巴西不少居住在贫民窟的穷人花完补助金后依然穷困潦倒;达拉维贫民窟的不少小商贩还是一家人蜷缩在几平方米的房间内;亨特镇的教育等配套设施依然无法跟上……

当然,我们不应忽视那些在贫民窟里积极生活的人们干净澄澈的笑容。尽管住着破败的房子、用着破旧的家具,他们依然在努力地生活。

至今还记得在里约罗西尼亚贫民窟遇到那群十几岁少年的场景,破旧的衣衫遮掩不了梦想的光芒、黝黑的面庞上满是对未来的期待。我问其中一位少年“你最大的梦想是什么?”他回答:“我要成为下一个内马尔。”他们赤足在贫民窟的巷子里练习踢球、柔道,还兴奋地给我表演,这才是梦想该有的样子。

贫民窟治理是个系统工程,政府除了出台相关措施改善贫民窟的基础设施建设外,更应该通过职业教育培训等给当地居民提供就业及受教育机会。治标又治本,让当地居民真正实现自己的梦想、摆脱贫困,贫民窟才能真正不再贫穷。

制图:柯芳芳

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