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海外国民保护彰显大国责任

2017-08-14 04:17:49   中国青年网

借《战狼2》的热映和社会广泛关注的契机,有学者建议就军事撤侨等海外国民保护问题,加强法制建设

□ 林海

前不久,电影《战狼2》火热上映。据说,影片根据真实的撤侨事件改编,特别是片末,一面五星红旗开路,撤侨队伍安全通过交战区域的场景,更是对利比亚撤侨惊险场景的如实重现。事实上,不仅枪林弹雨凶险,军事撤侨也唯有在于法有据、条件符合和后果可控的情况下才能实施。

军事撤侨并非“想当然”

对于经济政治势力遍布全球的美国而言,平均每两年,军事撤侨就会发生一次。但即便有着非常丰富的撤侨经验,美国也不是每一次都能让本国公民成功撤离。2015年的也门危机中,美国国务院发言人表示,无法帮助在也门的公民离境。这让许多美国公民感到失望,甚至有民权组织就美国政府在也门危机中的不作为,起诉美国国务院。

一般来说,运用军事力量保护海外国民,依据的是国际法上的“国民保护原则”。根据这一原则,国家可以出于保护或救援本国公民的目的,对本国公民所在国进行军事干预。自然,这一过程的实施有严格的条件。根据国际法学家沃尔多克(Waldock)的观点,至少要符合三个条件:国民面临受伤害的威胁;领土国不愿或者无力提供保护;保护国的行动必须严格限定在保护海外国民的目的之内。

根据《维也纳领事关系公约》,领事职务包括,于国际法许可之限度内,保护国民生命、安全和合法利益,敦促所在国依法、妥善、友好地处理国民相关事务。因此,我们可以在电影中看到“黄大使”活跃的身影。

但是,如果要将军事撤侨纳入领事保护权的范围,恐怕有些牵强。领事保护权实施的前提,是侵害系由国家不当行为所致,而“叛军内乱”并不在此限。而且,还应当遵守“用尽当地救济原则”。唯有当地一切行政和司法救济手段都用尽,才可以提出领事保护——而且,军事力量仍然不能“顺理成章”地介入。

这也就解释了,影片《战狼2》中海军为何明知有一批中国工人未及撤离,却无法派出军事力量直接进入该国进行救援,不得不请已经退役的“战狼”,冒险孤身潜入敌境进行救援。不过,当“战狼”向撤侨行动指挥官传去有效证据,证明我国公民正被叛军及其雇佣兵残忍杀害时,指挥官遂向国内请示,获得批准后果断下令“开火”。这里依据的是“国民保护原则”这一有效国际习惯。

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