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诗经:最古老的情歌

2017-08-12 08:26:05   中国青年网

□ 林颐

“关关雎鸠,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑”。《诗》的声音,贯通古今。经典能够成为经典,早已论说千百遍,如何读出自己的领悟?

这部《诗经:最古老的情歌》扣紧了一个字——情。作者擅写情,以文化打底的随笔,韵味有致。三年前,我读到她的《四季书》,很喜欢。四季漫溢植物芬芳,一餐一蔬皆有情。能在凡俗日常中看到诗意的人,是有慧心的。如今我有新发现,有慧心的人不但可以从生活进入诗,也可以反过来从诗歌进入生活。

年代绵邈,意绪难觅,《诗经》亦各见纷呈。以《关雎》为例,现在都认定它是一首情诗,描写一位男子对心爱女子的渴慕与追求。但是,如何诠释《关雎》原意,从前是有分歧的。有人说是写文王想念未婚妻娰氏;也有人说写娰氏为文王得到妃嫔而高兴,借以颂扬宽容不妒的女德。这样的认知之所以出现,盖源于儒家对《诗经》教化功能的推崇。

今天的《诗经》与公元前6世纪的《诗》面目大致相同。孔子曾诫子曰:“不学《诗》,无以言。”他主张人格之完成在“兴于诗,立于礼,成于乐”。说明孔子很重视《诗》的教育意义。

《毛诗》最大的特点是将《诗》视为历史事件的记录,于是给它所认为的晦涩的隐喻、比拟和其他暗示统统加上具体的时间地点人物事件,而且还经常“为尊者讳”。比如,《燕燕》。《毛诗》说这是两个女人之间的送别诗,即“卫庄姜送归妾也”。但最后一句“先君之思,以勖寡人”无法解释,钱红丽理解为这是国君与表(堂)妹有私,却不得不送其出嫁。燕燕于飞,徘徊不去。就情境而言,诗意缠绵,爱而不得,当比友谊之说法更加合理。

钱红丽受张爱玲的影响极深。她的散文集代表作《低眉》里的很多文章就是围绕张胡之恋而展开的。这段恋爱的意象大概浸透在骨髓里,让她反复地品咂世间女子被辜负的酸涩。所以,她读《女曰鸡鸣》,说“爱在一粥一饭间”,会想到“现世安稳,岁月静好”;她读《风雨》,说“因为爱,所以自卑”,会想到“低到了尘埃里”;她读《氓》,读出了什么呢?“弃妇的故事告诉我们:一个女子,一要认得字,二要独立,三不要轻易上男人的当。”这显然也是得之于张爱玲的主张。

钱红丽的解析耽溺情爱,闺阁女子的心思精巧,格局气象上就难免少了点宏阔,表现为从现代、从个体出发而疏忽了时代的特点。比如,“野有死麕,白茅包之”,这样的礼物“匪气滥俗”吗?这是钱红丽的看法。她说追求心上人应当写信作诗,或者弹琴,漫山遍野的红花绿草也比一头死獐子要强。这种“想象的穿透力”有点跳脱。以先秦的经济生活去思量,我猜想这是实惠又贴心的礼物,不然怀春少女如何会接受吉士的引诱呢?

《诗经》之最好,就在于它是“天籁之歌”。我们读诗品诗,大抵最想求得的,就是与古人的心意相通,刘勰在《文心雕龙》里说道:“人禀七情,应物斯感,感物吟志,莫非自然”,当如是。

《诗经:最古老的情歌》

钱红丽 著

鹭江出版社

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