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“黑老大”揭秘黑色素瘤

2017-08-11 16:36:48   中国青年网

都说胰腺癌是癌中之王,但还有一种癌比胰腺癌更可怕,它就是黑色素瘤,死亡率高,转移率高,治疗难度大。几年前,冯小刚导演的电影《非诚勿扰2》让大家知道了黑色素瘤的“厉害”,孙红雷饰演的李香山开始脚上长了一颗“痣”,后来出现了肝转移、肺转移和骨转移,最后选择跳海自杀。

但北大肿瘤医院副院长郭军教授说,“黑色素瘤早发现早切除是可以被‘治愈’的,如果李香山今天得了这个病来找我,我敢说他再活十年没有问题。”今天我们就请被业界称为“黑老大”的郭军教授一起来聊聊黑色素瘤。

冷冻、激光点痣要谨慎

可能加快黑色素瘤转移

中国黑色素瘤发病率约为0.6/10万,属于罕见病,但一旦患病很容易恶化。郭军教授介绍,黑色素瘤是一种来源于黑色素细胞的恶性肿瘤,在皮肤肿瘤中恶性程度最高,容易出现转移。我们的皮肤下面都有黑色素细胞,在正常情况下,这些黑色素细胞正常地代谢和增殖。但是,如果当有驱动基因发生突变的时候,就等于给这些细胞装上了“动车火车头”,黑色素细胞变成一种无法控制、不断繁殖的状态,渗透到皮肤和黏膜中,并迅速传播到整个身体和器官。

为什么这个“火车头”会被激活,原因目前还不清楚。但黑色素瘤高发年龄在40至55岁之间,遗传、生活习惯改变、过度暴晒、工业污染,甚至外伤等都可能导致基因突变,诱发黑色素瘤。

很多爱美之人想通过激光、冷冻等形式把痣去掉,这一定要谨慎。如果冷冻的是一个良性的色素痣还好,但如果是一个早期的黑色素瘤,激光、冷冻刺激则会把黑色素瘤从表皮层带入真皮层,真皮层里有血管和淋巴管,如果黑色素瘤一旦进入血管,就等于“上了高速路”,很快就能转移到全身各处,是非常危险的。

国人黑色素瘤爱长手脚上

在中国的黑色素瘤患者中,50%的黑色素瘤长在肢端,如手掌、足底、指甲下。25%的来自全身的皮肤,还有25%的黑色素瘤则是长在黏膜上,如鼻腔、口腔、食道、结直肠以及阴道。黑色素瘤早期可能只有一块黑斑,渐渐的黑斑鼓了起来,再出现破溃,可能就已经恶化了。所以,如果能早期把这些有问题的黑斑切除掉,就可以“治愈”,当然患者之后还需要定期复查。

早发现的关键在于认识,别以为手上的黑斑不疼不痒就不去管他。有一位老人手指上的黑色素瘤已经长成手指头大小了才找到郭军教授,郭教授问怎么不早来看医生,老人却答:“你看我不疼不痒,下地干活不影响,就没管它”。郭教授说,这样的患者见得太多了,实际上这时候再来看医生已经晚了,很多都转移了。如果发现得早就能治愈,如果发现得晚就是“李香山”,两三个月就没命,真的是天壤之别。

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