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意大利:专设预防贪腐机制

2017-08-11 15:26:44   中国青年网

编者按:在2014年APEC领导人非正式会议期间,亚太经合组织第26届部长级会议审议通过了《北京反腐败宣言》。宣言提出,亚太经合组织成员经济体根据各自基本法律原则,采取一切必要措施落实并提高透明度,包括强化预防腐败机构、制定反腐败政策、鼓励社会参与等;高度重视反腐败机构与执法部门能力建设等。本版特组织一组介绍德国、意大利等国家和台湾地区反贪腐贿赂的立法和实践,以资借鉴

□李振林

意大利与中国都是历史悠久的文明古国,两国均强调社会本位和国家本位。在情与法的关系上,两国也有相似之处,比如办事都有人际关系影响的因素。因此,考察意大利反贪污贿赂犯罪的规定及定罪量刑标准,无疑对我们有重要的参考价值。

曾经,意大利政治权力与黑手党势力的相互勾结以及国家政权与私人权力的幕后协议,使得意大利贪污腐败现象极为严重。虽然意大利并不是最早产生腐败的温床,但却是第一个对体制弊端进行反思的国家。1992年2月17日,米兰一家养老院院长、社会党人马里奥·基耶萨因索贿受贿被捕,由此揭开了意大利历史上反贪“净手运动”的序幕。这场凶猛的反贪运动迅速波及整个意大利,全国40多个地方检察院开始了与此有关的90多起大案的调查。在短短一年的时间内,共清查出行贿受贿1500多亿里拉(约合1亿美元)的赃款,逮捕了1000多名政治家、经济界大老板和政府官员。应当看到,意大利反贪运动的兴起及顺利开展,与其本身颇为完善的反贪污贿赂立法密切相关。

意大利现行法律中有关惩治贪污贿赂犯罪行为的法律规定,主要集中于《意大利刑法典》第二编第二章第一节“公务员侵犯公共管理的犯罪”中。其中既对贪污犯罪和受贿犯罪分别规定了不同的法定刑,也对不同类型的贪污犯罪和不同类型的受贿犯罪分别规定了不同的法定刑。

《意大利刑法典》中规定了三种贪污犯罪:一是第314条第1款规定的狭义的贪污罪。公务员或受委托从事公共服务的人员,因其职务或服务的原因占有或者掌握他人的钱款或动产,将其据为己有的,处以3年至10年有期徒刑;二是第316条规定的利用他人错误的贪污罪。公务员或受托从事公共服务的人员,在行使其职务或服务时,利用他人的错误,为自己或第三人非法收受或者保留钱款或其他利益的,处以6个月至3年有期徒刑;三是第334条规定的侵占合法扣押物罪。窃取在刑事诉讼中扣押的或由行政机关决定扣押的物品,处以6个月至3年有期徒刑和51至516欧元罚金。

同时,《意大利刑法典》中也规定了四种受贿犯罪:一是第317条规定的索贿。公务员或受委托从事公共服务的人员,滥用其身份或者权力,强迫或者诱使他人非法地向自己或第三人给予或者许诺给予钱款或其他利益的,处以4年至12年有期徒刑;二是第318条规定的因职务行为受贿。公务员因履行其职务行为而为自己或第三人接受表现为钱款或利益的,处以6个月至3年有期徒刑。如果公务员因已经履行的职务行为而接受上述报酬,处以1年以下有期徒刑;三是第319条规定的因违法职责义务的行为受贿。公务员为不履行或拖延其职务行为或者因曾未履行或曾拖延其职务行为等,为自己或第三人接受钱款或其他利益的,或者接受有关的许诺的,处以2年至5年有期徒刑;四是第319条第三款规定的在司法行为中受贿。如果实施第318条和第319条列举的行为是为了帮助或者损害诉讼活动中的一方当事人,处以3年至8年有期徒刑。如果这些行为导致对某人不公正地判处5年以下有期徒刑,处4年至12年有期徒刑,如果导致对某人判处5年以上有期徒刑或无期徒刑,处以6年至20年有期徒刑。

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