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“新周期”有待证实或证伪 债券收益率三季度将震荡
2017-08-11 07:52:55 中国经济网
“新周期”与“繁荣顶点”的争论、通胀回升和非通胀的辨析从二季度末以来越来越成为市场关注的热点,螺纹钢、铁矿石等工业品价格连续两个月的上涨抬升了市场的通胀预期,连同钢铁、煤炭等周期性股票价格的上扬,增强了投资者对盈利回升的预期,两者结合在一起确实很容易反推出经济周期处于复苏到繁荣阶段的猜想,这也正是“新周期”从立论开始就进入辩论白热化状态的原因所在。而在8月9日国家统计局发布7月份CPI和PPI通胀数据后,市场对经济未来走势的多空激辩也进入了证实证伪阶段。
受到6至7月工业品价格上涨的影响,铁矿石螺纹钢等黑色商品、煤炭、有色金属、化工和燃气等推动PPI环比增速从-0.2%转为0.2%,由负到正的跃升符合商品价格的走势,并且由于这些因素均是经济的“上游产业链”,因此中下游工业品乃至最终消费品价格或也将受其传导而上扬,这也是市场密切关注PPI走势的原因所在。反观CPI的构成,剔除食品和能源的核心CPI同比增长2.1%,包括能源在内的非食品CPI同比增长2.0%,与前值相比,即便不能判定已经“触顶回落”,也是处于“高位震荡”阶段。从PPI到CPI的链条分析可以发现,经济中下游需求的稳定是经济存在“韧性”和价格“黏性”的必要条件,但是中下游需求却也不足以驱动价格大幅回升,从上游到下游之间尚存在传导失效的真空,这一点类似于2016年上半年的情形。由于债券收益率与核心CPI同比增速走势直接相关,核心CPI高位震荡的状态决定了驱使债券收益率上行的动能如中下游需求一般“稳而不强”,因此对于工业品价格和周期性股票价格上涨引发的“新周期”猜想,对于目前的债券市场来说并不足以构成直接的压力,间接的影响在于通胀压力若果真持续回升,或抑制货币政策放松的空间。
除却PPI和CPI走势及传导机制之外,将价格因素和实际经济运行相比较也可以发现两者并不存在协同一致的“共振”。若以月度的工业增加值代表实际经济运行指标,PPI和工业增加值之间的走势却在一定程度上存在背离:仅从2017年以来的情况看,自年初以来市场对PPI因基数原因而触顶回落的预期就在不断增强,尽管PPI同比增速和工业增加值同比增速同时在2月份达到阶段性高点之后开始震荡下行,但是工业增加值从二季度以来维持在企稳回升的状态,6月份工业增加值甚至回升至7.6%,而PPI同比增速则始终持平,环比增速也只有在7月份才重新转为正值,也就是说,经济“价”与“量”两者之间并没有形成协同共振的局面,即使从时滞的角度来看,PPI作为价格因素的总结,滞后于工业增加值等产量变动,“量”“价”之间的表现差异体现出与2016年由于主动补库存周期带动经济阶段性企稳回升不同,在主动补库存逐步转入被动补库存阶段之际,经济的总体运行状态更多维持在区间震荡的状态,比较之下,“周期”应包含更多的典型特征,只是目前尚没有足够的“特征化事实”验证经济是否步入“新周期”。
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