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题壁涂鸦有好诗(一)
2017-08-11 05:29:26 中国青年网
雍正帝行乐图 图中雍正皇帝扮成苏轼于山野题诗
北京曹雪芹纪念馆内的“题壁”遗迹
吾国自古以来就有题壁的文化传统,谦称涂鸦,实属雅写。这跟当今满世界狂书滥刻“某某大爷到此一游”“某某我爱你”“变心不得好死”等恶俗涂抹,雅俗向背,绝对两码事。
古代说是题壁,其实逢着各类建筑或者山石桥栏树干等凡能写画图形文字处,皆可题写;或诗文,或写画,长短随意,统属“题壁”。至于诗兴大发时,得啥题啥,题叶、题扇、题头巾,襟带、几案、橱柜,只要诗好字好,都可以遂情作为,也不限题壁。唐孟棨《本事诗》记博陵崔护清明独游城南,在村居叩门求水,留有“人面桃花相映红”的美好印象,翌年清明又去,门墙如故,叹惋“人面不知何处去,桃花依旧笑春风”,所作的那首千秋传诵的爱情诗,就是题写在“左扉”(左门扇)上的。
因为“题壁”是泛称,又九州文人墨客共同之雅好,所以古代驿站客舍官衙庙宇楼观,甚至路亭野桥等,通常都会设置粉壁、楹柱、诗板、案屏、门扇、壁石等供过往客人挥毫尽兴。
旅途鞍马劳顿或需稍事休憩,或因雨雪阻行稍作滞留,拂尘赏读壁间过往行人的题诗,享受文化加餐,也可消遣无聊。中唐元稹《骆口驿》诗有“邮亭壁上数行字,崔李题名王白诗。尽日无人共言语,不离墙下至行时”,那终日徘徊题壁下,独自读诗竟然半步不离的情景,当是真实的记录。如果此际,有幸于壁间看到昔日自己或者友人的题壁诗,料有惊喜,但嗟叹岁月流逝和人事变化,未必都深感慰藉。唐吴融的“何必向来曾识面,拂尘看字也凄然”,宋黄庭坚的“往寻佳境不知处,扫壁觅我题诗看”,陆游的“倦游重到曾来处,自拂流尘觅旧题”,东坡的“试问壁间题字客,几人不为看花来”,皆各有所感,沧桑自领。
题柱,可举元稹《见乐天诗》。元稹宿店,发现客少,惊闻前方发现虎足印迹,诗曰“通州到日日平西,江馆无人虎印泥”,首句说地点时间,次句以“无人有虎”补足氛围,暗示滞留原因。第三句一转,“忽向破檐残漏处,见君诗在柱心题”,结出意外。特写“破檐残漏”,是诗人用心处;愈写破残,愈见困境无奈,也愈见柱题发现友人白居易诗的兴奋。如此夜如此景如此情,纵得些许慰藉,亦何其温馨乃尔。
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