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汪曾祺的动感激烈

2017-08-10 17:23:20   中国青年网

杨 葵

中华书局新出了一本汪曾祺的文集,叫《八仙》,书名来自收在书中的一篇同名文章。在这篇文章开头汪曾祺说,他的老师浦江清曾写过一篇“八仙考”,是国内讲八仙最完备的一篇文章,而自己的这篇“八仙”,材料都从老师那里来,可以说是对浦先生文章的一次缩写。之所以要缩写,一是自己向来对八仙感兴趣,二是见过浦先生文章的人并不多。

《八仙》这本书,打头文章是“释迦牟尼”,篇幅占了全书的三分之一。这篇长文据我所知是“命题作文”——上世纪90年代,江苏教育出版社列了一个古今中外大名人的名单,组织一批当时超一线的大作家,各自认领撰写传记,后来出版了煌煌几十卷的极其精美的传记书。汪曾祺亦在被邀之列,而他认领的,便是释迦牟尼。

当年这套书出版时,一向喜欢汪曾祺的我就想看他怎么写佛陀,一晃20多年过去,居然还没看,所以这次拿到《八仙》一书,几乎是迫不及待地把这70多页一口气读完。很好看,既有佛陀一生的概貌,又嵌入了不少精心摘选的小故事,还有一些汪氏独特风格的经文复述——比如这样的句子:“人之贪欲,犹如风中烈火,投入薪柴愈多,愈加不能满足。人有五欲,譬如手中执火,火炬已经烧及手掌,为何不将火炬丢掉?”

好多文学爱好者都问我,说想看看佛教书,不知先看哪一本。我经常推荐的书中有一本《觉悟之路》,就是讲佛陀的一生。过后了解,好像没几个人真读了,可能因为比较厚,又是译著,好多人没耐心读。这回好了,有汪曾祺这么好的文学家,写了这么短的一篇传记,不妨先读这个吧。

汪曾祺以写小说闻名,但更多文化人其实爱看他的散文,他的散文题材很广,流传也广。《八仙》里,好像成心是要选一些一般选本不太爱选的类别,一些文化含量更高的篇章,比如“中国文学的语言问题”、“词曲的方言与官话”、“学话常谈”、“谈谈风俗画”、“谈题画”等等。

我一向喜欢汪曾祺的书画,平日里也写大字,所以看完“释迦牟尼”,就挑“写字”那篇来读,因此了解到他的学书经历——五六年级祖父命临《圭峰碑》、《闲邪公家传》,后来和一位写魏碑的先生学《多宝塔碑》、《张猛龙碑》,初中后便很少临帖,大学时反复读过《张黑女墓志》。除了《闲邪公家传》是盲点,其他与我猜测的差不多。

此外,植物、吃喝,是汪曾祺两大爱写的题材,《八仙》里有“宋朝人的吃喝”一篇讲吃喝的文章,还有“葵·薤”、“紫薇”两篇讲植物的文章。

说起植物又想到,汪曾祺去世后,他的儿女们用他生前的稿费,印了一本《汪曾祺书画集》。据汪曾祺研究者苏北先生统计,书画集里一共收录作品122幅,除了18幅书法作品外,绘画所涉花鸟鱼虫果蔬几十种:兰草、腊梅、秋菊、玉兰、丁香、杜鹃、桂花、绣球、杨梅、凌霄、海棠、芍药、紫藤、芙蓉、山丹丹、金银花、水仙、葫芦、蓼花、梨花、竹、荷、鸟、松鼠、蜻蜓、猫头鹰、金鱼、小鸡、鳜鱼、鹅、蟹、葡萄、枇杷、苦瓜、山药、西葫芦、冬苋菜、莲藕、芋头、萝卜、白菜、红辣椒、茡荠……

从中读出什么信息呢?有人读出文人情怀,有人读出士大夫情趣,有人读出闲情逸致,都是偏向“静”的一面。一般论及汪曾祺,大多说他如何冲淡,如何沉静。但在我看来,这些评语都只说了汪曾祺的“静”,他对花鸟鱼虫的热爱,痴之迷之,迷之惘之,是激烈的,不管不顾的,有一股子“痴”劲儿的。如果读不到这份“痴”、这份动感,大概是不太容易读懂他为什么这么写八仙,这么写释迦牟尼。

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