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美国税制复杂 华人应如何申报中国退休金?

2017-08-10 13:29:00   中国青年网

据美国《世界日报》报道,美国税制复杂,又采取自主报税,不少赴美颐养天年的华人老年新移民对于中国退休金是否需要申报抱有困惑。通常来说,美国国税局将外国退休金分为由外国政府提供的社安金(Social Security Benefits)、外国政府或企业为雇员提供的劳退金(Pension)、外国退休计划(Retirement Plan)、由保险公司给予的年金收益(Annuity)四大类。外国退休金收入是否属于上税收入(Taxable Income),首先要看支付退休金的国家是否与美国签有税收协议(Tax Treaty)。

以《美中税收协定》为例,该协议第17条(Article 17, Pensions and Annuities)规定,由缔约国一方政府根据其社保制度或公共福利计划支付的退休金(即上文的“社安金”,在中国多称为“养老金”)应仅在该缔约国征税,由以前的雇佣关系支付的退休金和其他类似报酬(即上文的“劳退金”)应仅在该缔约国征税。不在此条例范畴中的退休账户取款、年金收益将作为普通的上税收入申报。

根据协议, “居民”(Resident)是指:1、在该国拥有永久性住所(Permanent Home)的居民;如果在两国都有永久性住所,应认为是与其个人和经济关系更密切的国家的居民;2、如果无法确定其重要利益中心所在国,或者在两国都没有永久性住所,应认为是其有习惯性居所(Habitual Abode)所在国的居民;3、如果在两国都有习惯性居所,或者在两国都没有习惯性居所,应认为是其国民(National)国家的居民。

拥有美国国籍或已成为美国公民(U.S. Citizen)的华人应被自动视为美国居民,如果收到来自中国的社保养老金和劳退金,应遵循居民所在国(美国)的税务规则,在1040表上申报。美国的税率较高,若在中国已经为退休金缴纳了收入所得税,可以在申报美国税表时申请抵扣相应的税款(1116表),但必须保留并出示所有完整的收据或证明文件。绿卡人士的养老金和劳退金仅由支付国(中国)课征,不必强制向美国国税局申报。

美籍或持有绿卡已挣满40个工作计点的老人在向政府申请社会安全生活补助金(SSI,提供给低收入、低资产且年满65岁的老人或残疾人士)或其他社会福利(如老年公寓)的时候,必须将中国的退休金收入纳入其收入。如今社安局加紧了对SSI申请人资格的认定,一旦发现有欺瞒海外退休收入,将剥夺其申领资格。

不少在美华人常抱有美国政府难以知晓中国养老金发放情况的侥幸心理,《美中税收协议》第25条(Article 25, Exchange of Information)特别强调,中美之间有权为实施本协议的规定交换所需要的情报,特别是可能构成欺诈或偷漏税的情报。美国国税局已在中国北京驻华大使馆设有办事机构,虽未明确派驻海外查税人员,不过美国国税局要求中国税务部门协助提供追查对象的相关数据并非绝不可能。随着美中两国双边关系的发展,两国之间的税务信息交换定将更加透明。

《外国账户遵从法》(Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act)对美国公民或绿卡持人士的海外账户申报提出要求,海外金融账户在当年累积达到1万美元以上的美国公民、绿卡持有人应在每年4月15日之前(原为6月30日)向美国财政部申报Fin 114表,金融账户不仅包括储蓄账户、保险账户,也包括退休计划账户和年金账户,不过,由外国政府提供的社安金、 养老保险账户暂不在申报范围之列。

由于中美之间的税务信息管道尚未畅通,许多入籍公民或取得绿卡人士都处于“灰色”地带,不为政府所掌握。但随着特朗普政府对移民及非移民执法力度的强化,处于浑浊状态的美国公民或绿卡身份将透明化,依法申报妥为上策。

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