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制图:蔡华伟
于我而言,鼓浪屿9年漫长的申遗就像一场浪漫的恋爱,现在申遗成功了,仿佛领到了一张结婚证,浪漫和兴奋已成过去,今后还有很长的路要走,要共同面对更多琐碎的日子、繁杂的事务,才能维系这美好的婚姻。
监测是为了更好地保护与管理。目前鼓浪屿的监测内容主要包括51组代表性历史建筑、2处代表性文化遗迹、4组历史道路、7处代表性自然景观、总体格局、建设控制、游客等,每一类的监测方法各有不同。
很多人担心,鼓浪屿成为世界遗产以后会沦为一个旅游岛,人挤人、人看人。但实际上,鼓浪屿最早做出的努力就是限制游客数量。近些年,鼓浪屿旅游景区和居住社区是有矛盾的,给居民带来了困扰,物价被抬高了,安静的环境也没有了,很多居民就在周末或节假日去厦门亲戚家住。2012年10月2日,一天内有十几万游客上岛。之前游客和居民共用一个进出码头,很多居民都觉得交通压力很大,后来我们把码头分开,情况就得到了很大的改善。从今年6月30日开始,每天上岛总人数限定为最高5万,这样既保证旅游的舒适度,也保障居民生活的舒适度。
监测系统与轮渡公司的票务系统、景区的进出闸机是相通的,我们要保证同时在岛屿上的人数不超过3万。在后台可以观察到客流量在不同时段的变化,游客一般从上午10点开始增加,到下午4点开始撤离,可以看到明显的曲线。如果岛上人数超过2.5万,我就会收到一条“四级预警”的短信;如果超过2.8万,就要关注游客密集区是否会出现拥堵和踩踏。
1843年,厦门开放为通商口岸。英国、法国、美国、日本等13个国家均在鼓浪屿设立领事馆,也带来了宗教、科技和不同的生活方式,鼓浪屿逐渐被改造,但直到19世纪中后期,还保留着非常传统的闽南渔村风貌。1903年鼓浪屿成立了工部局以后,这里逐渐成了一个国际社区,当地中国人、归国华侨和多国居民汇聚于此,传统文化、华侨文化、西方文化相互交融。最多时有500多位外国人生活在鼓浪屿,南洋华侨等在岛上先后建起约1000栋风格各异的别墅洋楼;岛上有女子学校、幼儿园,引进了风琴、钢琴等西洋乐器,培养出殷承宗、许斐平、林俊卿等音乐家。
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