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尼古丁含量降至“不成瘾”,对烟民是利好吗

2017-08-10 08:28:37   

第二看台

记者 李 颖

8月1日,有外媒报道称,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)计划规范香烟中的尼古丁含量,试图将其降至“不成瘾”水平,这在历史上尚属首次。

那么,究竟含量低至何种程度比较合适?不成瘾的标准又该怎么界定?如何拯救痴迷的烟民以及受伤的肺?

烟草成瘾的危害性更大

提起成瘾物质,人们立即会想到海洛因、鸦片、大麻等毒品,却忘了世界上使用最多、危害最广的烟草。其实,与海洛因等毒品相比,除了一个是合法消费品,另一个是违禁品外,在其他方面几乎没有什么质的不同,尤其从物质依赖的角度看,二者更是如出一辙。

中日医院呼吸中心烟草病学与戒烟中心主任肖丹教授在接受科技日报记者采访时明确指出:吸烟的人群分为两类,一类为“烟草成瘾者”,另一类为“不成瘾者”。

据了解,美国药物依赖协会的研究人员曾将尼古丁、海洛因、可卡因、酒精、咖啡因这五种物质依赖性做了比较,得出的研究结果相当惊人:尼古丁的致成瘾性、耐受性都是最高的,比可卡因、海洛因都要高;戒除困难度跟可卡因、海洛因、酒精一样,大于咖啡因;而且,由于尼古丁不像海洛因、可卡因一样是禁用物质,它的使用更广泛,因此,其造成的死亡率和危害也更大。

尼古丁依赖是一种慢性病

肖丹坦言,尼古丁是导致“成瘾”的主要原因,也是“捆绑奴役烟民的神秘之手”。

早在1998年,WHO就已将烟草依赖列为精神、心理类疾病,命名为尼古丁依赖症,它是一种高复发性的慢性疾病。“烟草依赖的本质是‘尼古丁依赖’,其形成的机制主要在于其奖赏效应,物质基础在于中脑边缘多巴胺回路。”肖丹解释说,烟草中的尼古丁,能在10秒内活化中脑腹侧核的尼古丁受体,当尼古丁与尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体结合后,可引起脑部一种称为“多巴胺”的神经递质的释放,使吸烟者产生“愉悦”感以及其他奖赏感受。“当人体兴奋阈值不断提高,对尼古丁的需求不断增加,称为耐受或成瘾。”

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