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培育小种子 创造大价值

2017-08-10 08:11:31   

★ 研究员比农民还累

上午9点半,气温已经上升到30多摄氏度,一股股热浪袭来。在这样的天气里,山西省农业科学院东阳示范基地的田地里,仍有许多忙碌的身影。7月18日,山西省农科院作物科学研究所段运平的“玉米种质改良与育种”课题组研究人员全副武装,草帽、长褂、长裤、手套……他们在玉米地里来回穿梭,给玉米一株一株地进行人工授粉。   “天气越热越要下地。”副研究员刘守渠正在玉米地里忙碌,面庞晒得黝黑,和普通农民别无二致。从6月下旬到8月上旬这段一年中最热的时期,他们最忙碌,因为这是给玉米人工授粉的最佳时期。他说:“花粉存活时间仅有6小时,授粉必须赶在9时至15时之间进行。玉米地里温度常常达35℃以上,我们连续七八个小时弯着腰为玉米人工授粉,比农民还累。”   助理研究员郭峰演示了授粉过程。在每天8点半到9点温度适宜时,拍击、摇动前一天下午套上的授粉袋,让黄色花粉落入袋中,把它取下来,对准果穗,让花粉落到花丝上面,再把袋子密封。“看似简单的过程,我们要重复上万次。1个多月时间,课题组至少要做到套袋8万多个,授粉3万多株。”他说,授粉过程各种程序极其严格,要求果穗的花丝“两头不能见天”,才能不接触外面的空气,隔绝别的花粉,以保证材料的一致性和遗传的唯一性。   培育一个玉米新品系要选择几万个组合,授粉是培育良种至关重要的环节。特别是选出理想自交系以后,还要进行更为艰难的杂交种选育。面对众多组合,如何选定父本、母本,实现良种性状互补,都要对品系、品种精心筛选。一个新的品种,从开始选系到配制杂交组合,再到多年多点试验,通过审定,实现推广,需要近10年时间。   在试验基地,除玉米外,大豆、棉花、向日葵、小杂粮等作物都采用这种常规育种方式。常规育种最大的优点是无需精密仪器,无论是设备优越的中央单位,还是条件相对差的地方科研单位,都可以利用这个方法进行新品种选育。

★ 科技、常规两不误

当玉米等作物还在田间授粉时,小麦已经收割,进行分类装袋。   在作物所分子育种实验室,记者看到课题组副研究员李欣正带领一帮人在工作,他们正在给小麦脱粒、装袋、做标签。他说:“每一袋小麦材料有着自己的‘家谱’,把哪个麦穗放错了袋子,或者把标签贴错了,整个实验就会前功尽弃。”   在常规育种的基础上,小麦分子育种课题组还采用了分子育种技术。“分子育种是将分子生物学技术应用于育种中,通过分子标记、基因定位等方法确定基因位点,之后将有效基因导入现有材料中,从而培育出符合预想要求的新品种。”作物所研究员畅志坚介绍。   8月3日,在作物所实验室里,工作人员用移液枪将从叶片中提取的一个个DNA移入PCR板中,准备鉴定分子标记。“借助高通量分子标记检测平台,一天可做2000个DNA数据点,高效又准确。”畅志坚说,分子育种已成为国际作物育种主流,通过分子标记辅助选择,育种专家可以精准育种,选出产量高、品质优、适应性强的麦种。   “每个基因序列中的分子标记就如同高速路上的指示牌,标记性状一目了然。”李欣说,分子育种有利于提高育种工作效率,在提高产量、改善品质、增强抗性等方面具有非常大的潜力。随着生物芯片开发、基因组测序等技术的发展,分子技术将更深入的融入到育种当中。   畅志坚介绍,分子育种通过基因的直接选择和有效聚合,可大幅度提高育种效率,缩短育种年限,实现“精确育种”。比如,常规育种需要7代至8代才能选出育种材料,分子育种能缩短到3代至4代,育种周期缩短为原来的1/2至1/3。   作物所将现代植物染色体工程技术、基因组学的原理和方法与传统的方法相结合,为我省小麦遗传改良提供基因资源及重要信息,为现代小麦产业的形成和可持续发展提供基础和保障。

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