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刑法这些事儿,你了解多少

2017-08-10 05:33:45   中国青年网

【法学苑】

今年恰逢“97刑法”实施20周年,对这部法律的重大突破、主要功绩做出准确评价,对于总结立法经验,展示我国社会主义法治建设的成就,坚定制度自信具有重大意义。

1979年7月1日,五届全国人大二次会议通过了《中华人民共和国刑法》(以下简称“79刑法”)。“79刑法”总体上是科学合理的法典,但也存在一些不足,例如规定了类推制度;条文总数只有192条,尤其是关于犯罪成立一般条件的总则条文数太少,立法较为粗疏;分则对客观构成要件的规定比较简单,对许多犯罪仅根据行为人目的、动机的不同而分设不同罪名;设立了流氓罪等一些“口袋罪”,等等。因此,其立法的时代局限性非常明显。

1997年3月14日,八届全国人大五次会议对“79刑法”进行了大规模修订。修订后的刑法(以下简称“97刑法”)于当年10月1日起施行。“97刑法”在很多方面实现了重大突破,将条文总数增加到了452条,无论从立法技术还是具体制度设计上看,都是我国刑事立法乃至法治建设征程中的一座重要里程碑。

首先,“97刑法”明确规定了罪刑法定原则,禁止以类推解释来处罚刑法并无明文规定的行为、禁止溯及既往、强调法律的明确性。罪刑法定主义是公认的刑法上的“铁则”,坚持这一原则,有助于防止司法机关滥用刑罚权,避免对法无明文规定之行为的刑事追究,为真正实现国家尊重和保障人权的目标,实现法治的核心价值,将中国建设成为社会主义法治国家提供了重要的制度保障。

其次,“97刑法”很好地把握了惩罚犯罪和保障人权之间的关系。犯罪是对和谐社会关系的破坏,因此,刑法有义务保护社会整体利益,防止合法权益受到侵害。基于这一理念,“97刑法”对国家利益、社会利益和个人利益的保护都给予了充分关注,及时增设了相当规模的新罪,加大了犯罪化的力度,尤其是增设了与恐怖主义、黑社会性质组织有关的犯罪,以及有组织地实施的走私类犯罪、强迫交易等经济犯罪,成倍地扩大了处罚范围。注重处罚的早期化,针对某种可能造成危险的行为设置罪刑规范,从注重保护个人法益转向重视公共法益和社会秩序的保护。

同时,在罪刑关系设置等多个方面体现了保障人权的思想。例如,在总则中,对正当防卫权的行使做出了详尽规定,为保障公民依法行使防卫权、确保法院敢于做出无罪判决提供了法律武器;对单位犯罪的概念和处罚标准做出了明确规定,防止实践中任意扩大处罚范围。在分则中,对一些原来比较笼统、含糊的规范尽量做出具体规定,取消或分解了含义宽泛模糊的投机倒把罪、流氓罪和玩忽职守罪等三大“口袋罪”,提高了刑事立法的科学性和可操作性。

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