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讼棍:投机谋财的“专业”人士

2017-08-09 09:43:24   中国青年网

□ 刘星

“讼棍”,土得直掉渣儿的旧时用语。

以今天的意思来看,它指在法律上能说会道、能掐会算、不时代人写写讼词或出谋献策以赢官司的一类投机谋财的专业人士。自然,它是贬义的。眼下,如果有律师心怀不轨,只知切款误人,“讼棍”的用语便会被人扔其身上。

翻翻国人的历史,你会有趣地发现,有些在法律知识上有两把刷子的“专业”人士,并不是一心钻在钱堆里,坑蒙拐骗,而是略收盘缠之余热心服务,甚至鞠躬尽瘁。但是,他们还是被讲成了“讼棍”。旧时的“讼棍”一词用法,十分打紧,可说是“语词暴力”的一个特别例子。

看个传说。

不少古书记载,春秋战国那阵儿,有个人物叫邓析。此人能说善辩,精通法律,而且非常喜欢教人打官司。在释放这些能耐和爱好之时,邓析也不客气地收些财物。如果官司大得吓人,就收下一件上衣;官司小得不足挂齿,就收下一件短袄。兴许那会儿上衣与短袄有天壤之别,故价值不能同日而语。

讲来,邓析算是不错了。提供法律服务的心地,蛮真诚。不论案子大小,一律尽心尽力,为民解忧。然而,几本声名显赫的古书对他颇有语词谴责。像人人皆知的《荀子》就说:邓析是个乱世说客,“好治怪说,玩琦辞,甚察而不惠,辩而无用,多事而寡功……然而其持之有故,其言之成理,足以欺惑愚众”。屡屡作为中小学语文范本的《吕氏春秋》也说:邓析“以非为是,以是为非,是非无度,而可与不可日变”;而且,“令无穷,则邓析应之亦无穷矣”。传记《邓析子》又讲:那人“操两可之说,设无穷之词”……

一句话,邓析绝对是个巧舌如簧的骗子。于是,人们大体以为,邓析是一类“讼棍”的先驱。

国人古时有个习性,喜欢大一统。不仅在政治上如此,而且在法律上也是如此。大一统的意思是,凡事儿只能一个声音,不能公说婆说,论三道四。今人的概念是,政治上和法律上的事儿,最后只能一锤定音,一个定论作数,但是定论扔出之前,可以“百花争艳”,百家争鸣,这是为了更好地作出定论选择。古人以为定论扔出之前,也是一锤定音,一个定论,没啥选择的问题。古人便以这种观念,彻底压抑了法律上的不同说法。

有时,遇到纠纷,我们难免对法律的规定有个不同的看法。今人的律师以及所谓的法律家法学家,偶尔正是提些不同的法律理解。不同的法律理解,有个要害之处,这便是当其久而久之,被人们普遍接受的时候,其可以形成一类颇有势力的“法律知识”,并足以威胁原先法律理解的霸主地位,使法律统治出现不同的景观。接着,一个案子原来是这样的判法儿,过一阵子,也可变成别样的判法儿。最后,立法者的意志,可能悄悄地被“法律学问家”的意志替代了。

古人对此有先天的直觉和警惕。

他们尤其担心,“法律学问家”的知识,会动摇君王法律的权威,使君王意愿的法律形同虚设。所以,邓析这个早期民间的“法律学问家”的符号,被利索地杀掉了。而且,大凡类似邓析的法律说客,慢慢地被安上了“讼棍”的绰号,以示其属法律上的“邪门歪道”。

“讼棍”有贬义,易引起人们反感。所以,见到“讼棍”,人们便要群起而斥之。这就是“词语的暴力”。它通过人们的意识形态反应,将一些持不同法律理念的学问家打入地狱,压抑另外一些法律知识的滋生,而不管学问家有无好坏之分。

实际上,学问家有好坏之分(特定时间特定区域里),更重要的是,不同的法律理解,可以使人看到不同的法律需求。有时,对法律有新的看法,表明人们对法律有新的利益愿望。而且,在争讼的过程中,对立各方都在表达自己的利益要求。如此,倾听不同的意见,正是一种“关注”“关心”的表现,以便做出更好的权衡。

尽管如此,最终我们还是需要一个法律说法,一个法律意见。

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